1、08.12.20 英语六级真题及答案Part I writing (30 minutes)注意：此部分试题在答题卡 1 上:参考范文:http:/ II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and scanning) (15 minutes)Supersize surpriseAsk anyone why there is an obesity epidemic and they will tell you that its al down to eating too much and burning too few calories. That explanati
2、on appeals to common sense and has dominated efforts to get to the root of the obesity epidemic and reverse it/ yet obesity researchers are increasingly dissatisfied with it. Many now believe that something else must have changed in our environment to precipitate(促成) such dramatic rises in obesity o
3、ver the past 40 years or so. Nobody is saying that the “big two” reduced physical activity and increased availability of food are not important contributors to the epidemic, but they cannot explain it all.Earlier this year a review paper by 20 obesity experts set out the 7 most plausible alternative
4、 explanations for the epidemic. Here they are.1. Not enough sleepIt is widely believed that sleep is for the brain, not the body. Could a shortage of shut-eye also be helping to make us fat?Several large-scale studies suggest there may be a link. People who sleep less than 7 hours a night tend to ha
5、ve a higher body mass index than people who sleep more, according to data gathered by the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Similarly, the US Nurses Health Study, which tracked 68,000 women for 16 years, found that those who slept an average of 5 hours a night gained more weight d
6、uring the study period than women who slept 6 hours, who in turn gained more than whose who slept 7. Its well known that obesity impairs sleep, so perhaps people get fat first and sleep less afterwards. But the nurses study suggests that it can work in the other direction too: sleep loss may precipi
7、tate weight gain.Although getting figures is difficult, it appears that we really are sleeping less. In 1960 people in the US slept an average of 8.5 hours per night. A 2002 poll by the National Sleep Foundation suggests that the average has fallen to under 7 hours, and the decline is mirrored by th
8、e increase in obesity.2. Climate controlWe humans, like all warm-blooded animals, can keep our core body temperatures pretty much constant regardless of whats going on in the world around us. We do this by altering our metabolic(新陈代新的) rate, shivering or sweating. Keeping warm and staying cool take
9、energy unless we are in the “thermo-neutral zone”, which is increasingly where we choose to live and work.There is no denying that ambient temperatures(环境温度) have changed in the past few decades. Between 1970 and 2000, the average British home warmed from a chilly 13C to 18C. In the US, the changes
10、have been at the other end of the thermometer as the proportion of homes with air conditionings rose from 23% to 47% between 1978 and 1997. In the southern states where obesity rates tend to be highest the number of houses with air conditioning has shot up to 71% from 37% in 1978.Could air condition
11、ing in summer and heating in winter really make a difference to our weight?Sadly，there is some evidence that it does-at least with regard to heating. Studies show that in comfortable temperatures we use less energy.3.Less smokingBad news: smokers really do tend to be thinner than the rest of us,and
12、quitting really does pack on the pounds, though no one isn sure why. It probably has something to do with the fact that nicotine is an appetite suppressant and appears to up your metabolic rate.Katherine Flegal and colleagres at the US National Center for Health Statistics in Hyattsville,Maryland, h
13、ave calculated that people kicking the habit have been respousible for a small but significant portion of the US epidemic of fatness.From data collected aroud 1991 by the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,they worked out that people who had quit in the previous decade were much mor
14、e likely to be overweight than smokers and people who had never smoked .Among men, for example, nearly half of quitters were overweight compared with 37% of non-smokers and only 28%of smokers.4. Genetic effectsYours chances of becoming fat may be set,at least in part,before you were even born.childr
15、en of boese mothers are much more likely to become obest themselves later in life.Offspring of mice fed a high-fat diet during pregnancy are much more likely to become fat than the offspring of identical mice fed a normal diet. Intriguingly,the effect persists for two or three generations.Grand-chil
16、dren of mice fed a high-fat diet grow up fat even if their own mother is fed normally-so you fate may have been sealed even before you were conceived.5.A little olderSome groups of people just happen to be fatter than others.surveys carried out by the US national center for health statisties found t
17、hat adults aged 40 to 79 were around three times as likely to be obese as younger people.non-white females also tend to fall at the fatter end of the spectreum:Mexican-american women are 30% more likely than white women to be obsess,and black women have twice the risk.In the US,these groups account
18、for an increasing percentage of the population.between 1970 and 2000 the US population aged 35 to 44 grew by 43%.the proportion of Hispanic-americans also grew,from under 5% to 12.5% of the population,while the proportion of black Americans increased from 11% to 12.3%.these changes may account in pa
19、rt for the increased prevalence of obesity.6.mature mumsMothers around the world are getting older.in the UK,the mean age for aving a frist child is 27.3,compared with 23.7 in 1970 .mean age at frist birth in the US has also increased, rising from 21.4 in 1970 to 24.9 in 2000.This would be neither h
20、ere nor there if it weret for the observation that having an older mother seems to be an independent risk factor for obesity. Results from the US national heart,lung and blood institutes study found that the odds of a child being obese increase 14% for every five extra years of their mothers age , t
21、hough why this should be so is not entirely clear.Michael Symonds at the university of Nottingham,UK,found that first-bron children have more fat than younger ones. As family size decreases, firstbrons account for a greather share of the population. In 1964, british women gave birth to an average of
22、 2.95 children;by 2005 that figure had fallen to 1.79. in the US in 1976, 9.6% of woman in their 40s had only one chile;in 2004 it was 17.4%. this combination of older mothers and more single children could be contributing to the obesity epidemic.7.Like marrying likeJust as people pair off according
23、 to looks, so they do for size. Lean people are more likely to marry lean an d fat more likely to marry fat. On its own, like marrying like cannot account for any increase in obesity. But combined with others- particularly the fact that obesity is partly genetic, and that heavier people have more ch
24、ildren-it amplifies the increase form other causes.1. A)effects of obesity on peoples healthB)the link between lifestyle an obesityC)New explanations for the obesity epidemicD)possible ways to combat the obesity epidemic答案:C2. A)gained the least weightB)were inclined to eat lessC)found their vigor e
25、nhanced D)were less susceptible to illness答案:A3. A)it makes us sleepyB)it causes sleep lossC)it increases our appetiteD)it results from lack of sleep答案:B4. A)it makes us stay indoors moreB)it accelerates our metabolic rateC)it makes us feel more energeticD)it contributes to our weight gain答案:D5. A)i
26、t threatens their healthB)it heightens their spiritsC)it suppresses their appetiteD)it slows down their metabolism答案:C6. A)heavy smokersB)passive smokersC)those who never smokeD)those who quit smoking答案:D7. A)the growing number of smokers among young peopleB)the rising proportion of minorities in it
27、s populationC)the increasing consumption of high-calorie foodsD)the improving living standards of the poor people答案:D8.according to the US National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the reason why older mothers children tend to be obese remains not entirely clear9.According to Michael Symonds, one fa
28、ctor contributing to the obesity epidemic is decrease of family size10 when two heavy people get married, chances of their children getting fat increase, because obesity is party genetic 听力部分:11-46:听力原文及答案:http:/ IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)Section AQuestions 47 to 51 are
29、 based on the following passage.One of the major producers of athletic footwear, with 2002 sales of over $10 billion, is a company called Nike, with corporate headquarters in Beaverton, Oregon. Forbes magazine identified Nikes president, Philip Knight, as the 53rd-richest man in the world in 2004. B
30、ut Nike has not always been a large multimillion-dollar organization. In fact, Knight started the company by selling shoes from the back of his car at track meets.In the late 1950s Philip Knight was a middle-distance runner on the University of Oregon track team, coached by Bill Bowerman. One of the
31、 top track coaches in the U.S., Bowerman was also known for experimention with the design of running shoes in an attempt to make them lighter and more shock-absorbent. After attending Oregon, Knight moved on to do graduate work at Stanford University; his MBA thesis was on marketing athletic shoes.
32、Once he received his degree, Knight traveled to Japan to contact the onitsuka Tiger Company, a manufacturer of athletic shoes. Knight convinced the companys officials of the potential for its product in the U.S. In 1963 he received his first shipment of Tiger shoes, 200 pairs in total.In 1964, Knigh
33、t and Bowerman contributed $500 each to from Blue Ribbon Sports, the predecessor of Nike. In the first few years, Knight distributed shoes out of his car at local track meets. The first employees hired by Knight were former college athletes. The company did not have the money to hire “experts”, and
34、there was no established athletic footwear industry in North America from which to recruit those knowledgeable in the field. In its early years the organization operated in an unconventional manner that characterized its innovative and entrepreneurial approach to the industry. Communication was info
35、rmal; people discussed ideas and issues in the hallways, on a run, or over a beer. There was little task differentiation. There were no job descriptions, rigid reporting systems, or detailed rules and regulations. The team spirit and shared values of the athletes on Bowermans teams carried over and
36、provided the basis for the collegial style of management that characterized the early years of Nikes.47. While serving as a track coach, Bowerman tried to design running shoes that were lighter and more shock-absorbent.48. During his visit to Japan, Knight convinced the officials of the Onitsuka Tig
37、er Company that its product would have potentials in the U.S.49. Blue Ribbon Sports as unable to hire experts due to the absence of established athletic footwear in North America. 50. In the early years of Nike, communication within the company was usually carried out informally.51. What qualities o
38、f Bowermans teams formed the basis of Nikes early management style?The team spirit and shared valves of the athletes. Passage one questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passagesustainable development is applied to just about eberything from energy to clean water and economic growth,and as a r
39、esult it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use.this is especially true in agriculture,where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of histrorcal and cultural perspecti
40、ves.To start with,it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history,and will continue to do so .medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed,clothed and shelered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today.it had
41、 minimal effect on biodiversity,and any pollution it caused was typically localized.in termsof energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient.Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial petion from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase y
42、ields.throughout this period food became cheaper,safe and more reliable.however,these changes have alsoled to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversityWhatsmore,demand for animal products in developing countrics is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a
43、year by 2050.yet the growth of cities and in dustry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions.All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th.this will require radical thinking.for example,we need to move
44、away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones.we also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact”. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability,which centre on the need to maintain production wit
45、hout increasing damage.instead we need a more dynamic interpretation,one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various way land is used.there are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield:energy use, environmental costs,water purity,carbon footprint and biodiver
46、sity. It is clear, for example,that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from spain to the UKIs less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting.but we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.What is crucial is recognizing that
47、 sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.52. How do people ofen measure progress in agriculture?A) By its productivity C) By its impact on the environmetB) By its sustainability D) By its contribution to economic growth答案:B53. Specialisation and the effort to incease yi
48、elds have esulted in_.A) Localised pollution C) competition from overseasB) the shrinking of farmland D) the decrease of biodiversity答案:D54.What does the author think of traditional farming practices?A)They have remained the same over the centuriesB)They have not kept pace with population growthC)Th
49、ey are not necessarily sustainableD)They are environmentally friendly答案:C55.What will agriculture be like in the 21st centuryA) It will go through radical changesB) It will supply more animal productsC) It will abandon traditional farming practicesD) It will cause zero damage to the environment答案:A56 What is the authors purpose in writing this passage?A) To remind people of the need of sustainable developmentB) To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food productionC)
