1、名词性从句,NOUN CLAUSES,在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。,名词性从句,主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句,引导名词性从句的关联词,在名词性从句中一律用陈述句的语序，即使从句表达的是疑问含义。,The problem is what he has done to the little boy.,问题是他对那个小男孩做了些什么。,1. 主语从句,在句中作主语的句子叫主语从句。,主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether 和连接代词what, who, which, whatever, whoever以及连接副词how,when,where, why等词引导。,th
2、at在从句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当成分。,What he wants to tell us is not clear.,他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。,Who will win the match is still unknown.,Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.,That he stole a bike was true.,单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形
3、式。,Where and when he was born has not been found.,When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown.,有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：,1）It + be + 名词 + that从句 2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句,3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句,It is know
4、n to us how he became a writer.,我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。,注意:在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气 “(should) +do”，常用的句型有：,It is necessary ，Its important, Its natural，strange, etc.) that ,2. 宾语从句,名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。,引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。,1.)由连接词that引导的宾语从句,由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在
5、句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。,He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.,注意:在demand, order, suggest, advise, decide, insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用 “should+ 动词原形”。,I insist that she (should) do her work alone.,The commander ordered that t
6、roops (should) set off at once.,但是, 如果suggest作“表明、暗示”讲, insist作“坚持说、”讲，则其后的宾语从句中应该用陈述语气。,The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the examination.,I want to know what he has told you.,She always thinks of how she can work well.,She will give whoever needs help a warm support.,3)用whether或if
7、引导的宾语句,whether和if均可引导动词后的宾语从句，常可互换。但从句中有or not时或介词后的宾语从句中只能用whether连接。其它名词性从句，如：主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句只用whether.,Everything depends on whether we have enough money.,I dont care about whether you have money or not.,介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和if引导，要用whether和what。that也很少引导介词宾语从句，只在except, but, besides等之后才用。,4)宾语从句中的时态
8、呼应,宾语从句的谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词的影响，如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时从句中的谓语动词可以用各种时态；,I know that he studies English every day.,I know (that) he will study English next year.,We all know that he has studied English since 1998.,I know that he studied English last term.,如果主句中的谓语动词用了一般过去时，则从句中的语动只能用过去时的某种形式，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；,We
9、 believed that he had earned enough money to build a house.,The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America,当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。,The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.,5)当主句是I/ We think (suppose, expect, believe, guess, imagine) 时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常把否定词not从从句中转移到主句中成为否定的转
10、移。,We dont believe that he will win the game.,I dont think he will do so.,doubt用于肯定结构时，后面用whether/ if 引导名词性从句；用于否定结构或疑问结构时，后面用 that 引导名词性从句。be sure 用于肯定句或疑问句时，后接 that 引导的名词性从句；用于否定句时，后接whether/if 引导的名词性从句。,连接代词whoever，whatever，whichever可引导名词性从句，相当于anyone who, anything that等。它们也可以引导让步状语从句，相当于 no matt
11、er who/ what/ which。,Whoever breaks the law should be punished.,3. 表语从句,在句中作表语的句子叫表语从句。,引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if, because 引导。其基本结构为： 主语 + 系动词 + that从句,The fact is that we have lost the game.,Thats just what I want.,This is where our problem lies.,That is why he didnt come to th
12、e meeting.,It looks as if it is going to rain.,This is because he missed the train by one minute.,需要注意的是，当主语是reason 时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。,The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.,4. 同位语从句,同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。,同位语从句一般跟在某些表示抽象概念 的名词后,如 news, idea, informat
13、ion, fact, hope, thought, belief 等，用来说明名词所表示的具体内容，,引导同位语从句的连接词通常有that, whether和连接副词when, where, why, how；连接代词who，what，whose，which通常不引导同位语从句。,I have no idea when she will be back.,同位语从句和定语从句的区别：,that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。,I had no idea that you
14、 were here.,Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？,(that引导同位语从句,不能省略）,(that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）,1. The photographs will show you _（MET1989） A.what does our village look like B.what our village looks like C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like,2.考
15、查引导词that与what的区别,高考题例示：,1. _we cant get seems better than _we have. (NMET1996) A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what,2. No one can be sure _ in a million years. (MET1991) what man will look like B. what will man look like C. man will look like what D. what look will man like,3.考查it
16、在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法,高考题例示：,1. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET1995) A. There B. This C. That D. It,6.考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题,高考题例示：,1.It is necessary that a college student _at least a foreign language. (上海1993) A.masters B. should master C. mastered D. will master,
