1、英汉翻译理论与实践,Theory and Practice of English-Chinese Translation,王海萍,General questions: What is translation? What is the goal of translation?,Translation is an activity comprising the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language-the source text-and the production of a new, equivalent text in
2、another language-called the target text, or the translation. The goal of translation is to establish a relationship of equivalence between the source and the target texts.,常用翻译工具书、软件、网站介绍,教材： 1. 张培基英汉翻译教程 上海外语教育出版社 2. 冯庆华实用翻译教程 上海外语教育出版社 3. 孙致礼新编英汉翻译教程上海外语教育出版社 4. 华先发新编大学英译汉教程 同上 5. 毛荣贵新世纪大学英汉翻译教程 上
3、海交通大学出版社,常用翻译工具书、软件、网站介绍,词典： 1.汉英词典（修订版），外语教学与研究出版社 2.新时代汉英大词典吴景荣 程镇球，商务印书馆 3.现代汉英词典，外语教学与研究出版社 4.英汉大词典陆谷孙，上海译文出版社 5.英汉大词典补编陆谷孙，上海译文出版社 6.新英汉词典（世纪版），上海译文出版社 7.英汉美英报刊词典周学艺 外语教学与研究出版社 8.英语姓名译名手册 商务印书馆 9.外国地名译名手册 商务印书馆,10.当代英语习语大辞典 秦秀白，天津科学技术出版社 外语教学与研究出版社 11. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
4、, Longman Group Limited 12. Longman Contemporary English-Chinese Dictionary, 现代出版社 13. The Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation, Oxford University Press (Hong Kong) 14.牛津高级双解词典 商务印书馆 15.简明不列颠百科全书Concise Encyclopdia Britannica，中国大百科全书出版社 16.美国俚语大全中国对外翻译出版公司 17.当代英汉
5、搭配词典现代出版社（台湾）建宏出版社,学术刊物： 1、中国翻译Chinese Translators Journal 双月刊 2、外语教学与研究Foreign Language Teaching and Research 双月刊 3、外国语Journal of Foreign Languages 双月刊 4、现代外语Modern Foreign Languages季刊 5、外语学刊Foreign Languages Research季刊 6、外语与外语教学Foreign Languages and Their Teaching月刊。 7、外语教学 Foreign Language Educat
6、ion双月刊 8、中国科技翻译Chinese Science & Technology Translation Journal季刊 1中国翻译 2英语世界3英语学习4海外英语,网站： Google 网 http:/ Yahoo网 http:/ 中国翻译网 http:/ 中国翻译工作者协会 http:/www.tac- 中国翻译家联盟 http:/ 中文新词汇翻译查询 http:/ 英语比萨园地 http:/ 译丛 http:/www.renditions.org 金桥译港世界通 http:/ 中国日报 http:/ Beijing Review北京周报 http:/ 百科全书 http:/ 词
7、典 http:/ 人民日报在线英文版 http:/ 新华网 http:/www.xinhua.org/ http:/ 统一译名网（新加坡） http:/ 超星数字图书馆 ,网上英美报刊电讯、杂志等 今日美国 http:/ 纽约时报 http:/ 泰晤士报 http:/www.timesonline.co.uk/ 纽约时报The New York Times http:/ http:/ 华盛顿邮报The Washington Post http:/ 华盛顿时报 The Washington Times http:/ 洛杉矶时报 The Los Angeles Times http:/ 波士顿环球
8、报The Boston Globe http:/ 华尔街日报 The Wall Street Journal http:/ 基本知识,1.翻译的类型 2.中国译史、译家回顾 3.重要翻译原则、方法 4. 翻译过程,1. 翻译类型,Roman Jakobson: (in a broad sense) 语内翻译 intralingual 语际翻译 interlingual translation 符际翻译 intersemiotic translationIn terms of language Native languages into foreign languages Foreign lan
9、guages into native languagesIn terms of the mode Oral interpretation Written translation Machine translation,In terms of materials Scientific materials Translation of literary works Translation of political essays Translation of practical writingIn terms of disposal full-text translation abridged tr
10、anslation adapted translation,2. 中国译史回顾,How did translation start in China? And when? 佛经翻译科技翻译政文翻译马列翻译 翻译佛经的代表人物： 安世高、“三支”（支娄、支亮、支谦）、竺法护、真谛 三国 支谦 “因徇本旨，不加文饰”(法句经序中国第一篇有关翻译原则的论文)； 东晋 道安 五失本、三不易。“案本而传，不令有损言游字；时改倒句，余尽实录” 直译的鼻祖; 六朝 鸠摩罗什 “改梵为秦，失其藻蔚，虽得大意，殊隔文体，有似嚼饭与人，非徒失味，乃令呕哕也”；“依实出华”；“天然西域之语趣” 意译的鼻祖; 唐代玄
11、奘 “求真喻俗”、“五不翻”、音译的鼻祖；第一个把汉文著作（老子）介绍国外的中国人。,科技翻译（明末清初） 徐光启、利玛窦合译了6卷 欧几里德的几何原理等 李之藻翻译了10卷 亚里士多德的辩证法概论 政文翻译（鸦片战争五四运动） 严复 翻译了赫胥黎的天演论、亚当斯密的原富、孟德斯鸠的法意等 林纾 翻译了170多部文学著作、1200万字 （巴黎茶花女遗事黑奴吁天录块肉余生述王子复仇记） 马列翻译（五四运动建国） 鲁迅、梁实秋、瞿秋白、郭沫若、林语堂、成仿吾、朱生豪等 白话文代替文言文 建国后：傅雷、钱钟书,中国译人观点,译事三难信、达、雅。求其信已大难矣。顾信矣不达。虽译犹不译也。则达尚焉。易曰
12、修辞立诚。子曰辞达而已。又曰言之无文，行之不远。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外，求其尔雅。 “凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保持原作的丰姿。”“以效果而论， 翻译应当像临画一样，所求得不在形似而在神似（similarity in spirit） “文学翻译的最高标准是化。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算入于化境。 案本 求信 神似 化境 忠实通顺 翻译标准多元互补论,1. The translation should give a complete transcript of the ide
13、a of the original work.The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.The translation should have all the ease of the original composition (A. Tytler). 2. Translation is the “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual mat
14、erial in another language (TL)” (J. C. Catford). 3.Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (E. Nida).,翻译原则与方法,1. 以译出语为取向的原则（the source-language-oriented princi
15、ple） Word-for-word, line-for-line literal translation；foreignization 代表人物：竺法护 Pearl Buck Advantages: 引入外来语中新鲜的表达法，丰富汉语语言文学 Examples: Nothing could be done. We saw an acrobat standing on his head. He always lives ahead of his salary. the Milky Way, the apple of my eye,2. 以译入语为取向的原则（the target-languag
16、e-oriented principle） 代表人物：鸠摩罗什; Eugene Nida Adaptation (free translation); domestication 适合读者口味；所译英语在汉语中无对应词语或表达法 Examples: To his dog, every man is Napoleon. (Solomon) He wanted to learn, to know, to teach. Do you see any green in my eye? Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.,3. 以作者和读者为取向的原则（t
17、he author-and-reader-oriented principle） Combination of literal translation and free translation 代表人物：Tytler, 玄奘 严复 鲁迅 翻译三原则 （ Tytler ） A.) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work B.) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of
18、 the original C.) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition,Examples: She didnt like him much, but if she went out with him, itd be one in the eye for Kath. Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door. Because of this explosive progress, todays machines a
19、re millions of times more powerful than their crude ancestors. (4) Euphemisms are unpleasant truths wearing diplomatic cologne.,4. 以美学为取向的原则（the aesthetics-oriented principle） 主要为文学翻译家所提倡 代表人物：Ezra Pound 傅雷、钱钟书、许渊冲 Examples: 1) Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以
20、长才。 2) Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。 3)寻寻觅觅, 冷冷清清, 凄凄惨惨戚戚。 I look for what I miss， I know not what it is： I feel so sad, and so drear, So lonely, without cheer. (许渊冲),appreciation,To be, or not to be, that is the question:(Whether
21、tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them?)死后还是存在，还是不存在这是问题； （梁实秋） 生存还是不生存：就是这个问题： （曹 禺） 生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题： （朱生豪） 活下去还是不活：这是问题。 （卞之琳） 是存在还是消亡，问题的所在； (孙大雨） 干，还是不干，这就是问题。 （陈 嘉） 存在，还是毁灭，就这问题了。 (林同济）,翻译
22、以下句子： （不同方法，不同风格） “Give me liberty, or give me death!” (Patrik Henry),翻译过程: 理解、表达和校核,理解：英译汉尤为重要而且艰难，广义与狭义之分 狭义：通常指理解句法，语义和风格，一是指词语的理解，一是指句子的理解。 1）正确理解词义：一词多义，先天歧义，词义引申,文化典故等, There are now 35 in England, eight in Scotland, two in Northern Ireland and one in Wales. Clark in “Handle with Care”: A bitt
23、ersweet case of double identities., I have been to Edinburgh just for two days, and my brothers have followed in the train of my trip. I would rather have his room than his company. She is now in a delicate condition. 6 Maurice Sendak, US artist, is best known for his illustrations of childrens book
24、s. 7 He was prominent is the ragged schools movement,8 You look like Al Capone in that suit. 9 Some were whittled to a sharp point, and slightly bent at the upper end, like a ladys finger. 2) 正确理解句子，包括句法、结构、甚至感情色彩，语体风格等 1 I have not heard from him since I lived in Shanghai. 2 His speech was reported
25、 at length in the newspapers.At length, his speech was reported in the newspapers. 3 I regret to say that youll be held responsible. I regret saying that youd be held responsible. 4 John escaped prison. John escaped from prison. 5 His English is anything but correct.His English is nothing but correc
26、t.His English is all but correct.,6 Tom leaped to his feet, moving with surprising agility. 7 It is so easy now to see the irony of smoking: Children do it to be like adults, who smoke but wish they didnt. 8 The present crisis in that country is no ordinary economic crisis which will pass away in ti
27、me leaving everything much as it was before.9 My dear parent has joined the heavenly choir. My dear father has passed away. My father has died.My old man has just kicked the bucket. 10 To appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium.,2. 表达
28、 提高自己的汉语表达能力 多练笔 多阅读 The 20th century witnessed tremendous changes in the mode of human life. The first centuries of the modern era find the meaning of work divided into that of duty among the middle class, and that of forced labor among those without property. There is no pot so ugly it cant find a
29、 lid. Better late than the late. (5) They were sons of the men who had left their homes and taken to the mountains with their broad swords by their side. (6) It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea.,3. 校核包括哪些内容？1）人名、地名、日期、方位、数字2）译文的段、句、词（错漏、不妥、生僻罕见或陈腔滥调） 注意：通常要
30、校核两遍。第一遍：内容 第二遍：文字润饰 对译者的要求：明确的政治立场 注意政治色彩的字眼提高双语水平不断吸收和丰富各种基础知识 做一个“杂家”掌握常用的翻译理论和技巧,理解练习： They saw him through. They saw through him. I hope he will soon get over it. I hope he will soon get it over. Quietly properly he was punished. He was punished quite properly. He is rather a foolish fellow. He
31、 is a rather foolish fellow. We were touched by Marys confidence. We were touched by Marys confidences.,I am no philosopher. I am not a philosopher. He may be drowned for all I care. All my advice falls flat on him. You are not playing the game. I know he meant business. She is very pregnant. That p
32、icture flatters her. Better not be at all than not be noble.,表达练习,1. I can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion. 2. The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a theme. 3. Find yourself. B
33、e yourself. Popularity will comewith the people who respect you for who you are. 4. You are your own best friend, closest ally and most faithful companion. 5. If you feel depressed at a social gathering, keep it a secret.,英汉句子结构各有特点，翻译时应尽量避免原文语句结构的影响，特别是对于一些典型的英语句型更要如此，否则会出现一些很别扭的欧式句。 1. Your commen
34、t is more bravely made than correct. 2. Why should it be made longer than is necessary? 3. It was a dry, cold hand, and the grip was severe, with more a feeling of bones in it than friendliness. 4. Hitlers mistakes gave Roosevelt the victory: just as at Waterloo it was less Wellington who won than Napoleon who lost. 5. When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.,翻译多一点，进步快一点！,
