1、从句,定义：包含两个或多个主谓结构，并且，其中一个主谓结构充当主句，另一个或多个主谓结构为从句，充当该主句的主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，这样的句子叫做从句。,分类,名词性从句 主语 宾语 表语 同位语 定语从句 状语从句：时间、地点、目的、原因、方式、比较等。,名词性从句 一 主语从句,主语从句 在整个句子中充当主语。它的作用相当于名词。引导主语从句的有连词that, whether；连接代词what, which, who以及连接副词how, when, where, why，as等。,That she will go is certain. Whether hes coming or n
2、ot doesnt matter too much. Who will go makes no difference. What we need is more time.(what=all that) When they will start has not been decided yet. How he became a scientist is known to all. Why he did it wasnt quite clear.,主语从句通常不放在句首，一般把它移到句子后面，前面用“it”作形式主语。 It is strange that he didnt come yeste
3、rday. It is not known yet whether they will return today. 强调句：“It is（was）被强调的部分that（who）原句其它部分”来强调说话人的意愿： 被强调的部分为“人”时用who，为“物”时用that。 It was on Monday night that all this happened所有这一切发生在周一晚上。 Its me who he blamed他怪的是我。,二 同位语从句,其作用是做主语、表语或宾语的同位语（即，不是对主语、表语或宾语进行修饰和限定，而是说明其内容含义），则叫做同位语从句。一般跟在名词idea, w
4、ord, fact, certainty, evidence, news, hope, conclusion, suggestion, order, problem, promise等的后面。,引导同位语从句的词有that，how, when, where, why 等。I have no idea when he will come back.We heard the news that our team had won.You have no idea how worried I was.What troubled him is the thought that so many peopl
5、e have been killed in traffic accidents since last year.,三 表语从句,当主句的谓语是系动词，而从句位于其后，即在整个句子中充当表语，则该从句叫做表语从句。引导表语从句的词有连词that, whether，as if；连接代词what, which, who；连接副词how, when, where, why；以及由because等引导。,结构：主语+连系动词+表语从句。常用的这类连系动词有：be, seem, remain, look等。 Thats what we are worrying about. The question is
6、 not who will go, but who will stay. It looked as if it was going to rain. That is where he was born.,四 宾语从句,在主句中充当宾语成分，即跟在及物动词后面、不及物动词加介词后面，或介词后面的从句叫做宾语从句。常由下面一些连词引导：,1)从属连词that引导That在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接主句和从句的作用。没有词汇意义。I hope (that) you can come tomorrow.I think that hell be back in an hour.,2)由连词whe
7、ther或if 引导 Whether和if在从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，但不能省，翻译成“是否” 。 I dont know whether/ if hell come back soon or not. He asked me whether /if I knew Mr. Zhang.,常跟疑问词和whether/if引导的从句作宾语的动词有：advise, ask, discover, discuss, doubt, find out, imagine, inquire, know, question, show, tell, understand, wonder等。,3)由连
8、接代词what, which, who，whose, whom或连接副词how, when, where, why等引导。I dont know who is there.He didnt know whose pen it is.Tell me what he said.Do you know when he came back?Im interested in how he did it.,4)作形容词宾语有些动态形容词如afraid, certain, sure, confident, glad, sorry等作表语时，可跟一宾语从句。She is confident that she
9、will pass the exam.He is not sure whether he can come here tomorrow.,名词性从句的注意事况,1、what与that 的区别：,that 连词在从句中不作成分,不含有疑问意义,只起语法连接作用; 而 what 连词在从句中作成分,且含有疑问意义.(作主语,宾语或表语）,That he stole a bike was true. 他偷了一部自行车是真的,The important thing is what you do , but not what you say . 重要的是你做什么，而不是说什么。,2、whether 和
10、if 的区别是:,介词后只能用whether。He is worried about whether he can get the job.,动词不定式前只能用 whether。I cant decide whether to stay.,Whetheror not固定结构中只能用whether。She wants to know whether he is here or not.,宾语从句放句首表示强调时只能用Whether。Whether he loves me or not, I dont care.,3、疑问词+ever与 no matter+疑问词的区别是:,疑问词+ever 比
11、单独用疑问词引导从句语气要强.,如：Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.,1 - Are you still thinking about yesterdays game? -Oh, thats_ . A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited,2 What the doctors really doubt is _ my mother wil
12、l recover from the serious disease soon. A. when B. how C. whether D. why,3 Perseverance is a kind of quality ,and thats_ it takes to do anything well. A. what B. that C. which D. why,4 Mr. Hall understands although math has always been easy for him, it is not easy for the students. A. unless B. wha
13、t C. that D. as,5 A computer can only do_ you have instructed it to do. A. how B. after C. what D. when,6_fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differencefrom one aspect. A. What B. That C. This D. Which,7_ she couldnt understand was _fewer and fewer students showed intere
14、stin her lessons. A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that,8 There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road conditions need_. A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved C. where; improving D. when; improving,定语从句,如果从句用于修饰主句的名词（主语、宾语或表语），则其句子成分为定语，叫做定语从
15、句。 定语从句所修饰的词，叫做先行词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。 引导定语从句的词，叫关系词。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又是定语从句的一个成分。,指代人时，定语从句可以由关系代词who, whom, whose引导； 指代物时，可以由关系代词which, that引导；指代人和物时，由that引导； 指代时间，地点，原因时，可由关系副词when, where, why等引导。,（1）关系代词的用法,a. who,whom, whose 指人，在定语从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语。This is the man who wants to see you.Whos the ma
16、n (whom) you just talked to?Is this the girl whose mother is a singer? b. which 指物， 在定语从句中作主语或宾语。A plane is a machine which can fly.The story (which) we heard over the radio was very interesting.,c. that 指物，也指人，在从句中作主语或宾语。A dictionary is a book that gives the meanings of words.Who is the man that is
17、 reading the newspaper over there?The letter (that) I received yesterday was from my mother,D） as 引导的定语从句当先行词前出现 such , as ,the same时。You are just the same as you were when I first met you.非限制性定语从句：As is reported;As you can see;As you know,E） but= that notThere is no one but knows it. 此事无人不知. There
18、has not been a scholar but was a man of industry. 凡是有学问的人都是勤奋的 There is no man but errs. 凡是人都会犯错误. There no man but thanked him.,(2)关系副词的用法引导定语从句的关系副词代替相应的先行词，并且在从句中分别起时间、地点和原因状语的作用。在意义上常常相当于一个“介词+which”结构。Ill never forget the day when/ on which I joined the Party.This is the house where/ in which w
19、e lived for ten years.Tell me the reason why / for which you went there.,注： A) 若关系代词紧跟介词作介词宾语，不可用that，只能用whom或which. The book from which (不用that) I got a lot of useful information was written by a famous scientist. Who is the boy with whom (不用that) you were talking a moment ago?,B) 先行词是如下情况时，关系代词应该用
20、that,不用which。 不定代词：all, much, everything, something, nothing等。All that I said was for your good.I never take anything that doesnt belong to me. 序数词：This is the first time that Ive been in China.,被first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no 及形容词最高级等修饰。She is the prettiest girl that Ive ever seen. 先行词
21、是表示人和物的两个并列名词词组： We were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited there. There be 句型中只能用that.,同位语从句与定语从句的区别,A、同位语从句中that无实际意义，不充当句子成份，通常不能省略。,B、定语从句中that充当主语或宾语，有实际意义，作宾语时可以省略。,We heard the news that our team had won.,I never take anything that doesnt belong to me.,1. This is
22、 the bag _ my mother bought yesterday.A. that B. who C. whom D. this 2. The man _ lives next to us is my English teacher.A. whom B. which C. who D. / 3. The girl _ you saw in the street is Mary.A. that B. whose C. which D. as,A,c,A,4. Is this the factory _ a lot of students visited yesterday?A. the
23、one B. which C. who D. whom 6. The only language _ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.A. which B. that C. / D. it,B,B,7. The girl handed everything _ she had picked up in the street to the police.A. which B. in which C. that D. all 8. _ cleans the blackboard should be praised.A. That B. Whose C.
24、The one who D. The students who 9. Please show me the book _ you bought yesterday.A. which B. whom C. whose D. this,C,C,A,10. This is the best book _ I have been looking for all this year.A. who B. whom C. which D. / 11. This is the only article of these that _ written by him.A. was B. were C. is D.
25、 are 12. The man _ was here just now is a doctor.A. whom B. who C. / D. he,D,C,B,13. The boy _ has two lovely dogs.A. who live next door B. which lives next doorC. whom lives next door D. that lives next door 14. Those _ made no mistakes in todays exercises please raise your hands.A. which B. whom C
26、. that D. who 15. The farm _ we stayed last week is a lovely place for a holiday.A. when B. where C. that D. at that,D,D,B,16. He is the most careful boy _ I know.A. what B. which C. as D. ./ 17. This is the school _ Mr. Smith once taught.A. in that B. when C. where D. there 18. Have you visited the
27、 house _ the famous scientist was born?A. where B. in that C. that D. which,D,C,A,19. The factory _ Mr. Li used to work was closed last week.A. when B. where C. that D. which 20. Do you still remember the day _ we first met?A. that B. when C. what D. on that,B,B,21. October 1,1949 is the day _ well
28、never forget.A. when B. that C. where D. in which 22. October 1,1949 was the day _ the Peoples Republic of China was founded.A. which B. when C. where D. in which 23. Is this the shop _ sells childrens clothing?A. which B. where C. in which D. what,B,B,A,24. Is this museum _ they visited last month?
29、A. that B. which C. where D. the one 25. I still remember the sitting-room _ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.A. what B. which C. that D. where,D,D,26. Have you seen the girl _?A. that I told B. I told you of C. whom I told D. I told of 27. The days are gone _ we use “foreign matches”.A. d
30、uring when B. during that C. on which D. during which 28. Finally the thief handed in everything _ he had stolen to the police.A. which B. that C. what D. whatever,D,B,B,29. The lecture spoke of some writers and novels _ were known to us all.A. which B. that C. who D. what30. It was raining hard, _
31、kept us indoors.A. which B. that C. as D. what,B,A,31. The only question _ is to find our way home.A. that mattered B. that matters C. which mattered D. matter 32. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help.A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom 33. The farmers used wo
32、od to build a house _ grain can be stored.A. with which B. where C. in that D. which,B,D,B,状语从句,1 时间状语从句： 1) 由as, while引导时，表示主句和从句的动作同时发生，或一个动作在另一个动作或状态的过程中； 2) 由after, when引导时，表示主句动作在从句动作之后;3) 由before, when引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前；,4) 由whenever, every / each time引导时，表示主句动作以从句动作为条件而发生； We can leave when
33、you are ready. 你什么时候准备好，我们就可以动身了 5) 由as soon as引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作的一瞬间之后（注意：the moment，the instant，the second，the minute都可做连词用，意思是as soon as。）The moment I saw him, I knew that he was angry with me. 我一见到他，就知道他在生我的气。,6) 由just/ hardlywhen, no sooner than引导时，表示主句动作发生在从句动作一瞬间之前。No sooner had we left home t
34、han it began to rain. 刚一离开家就开始下雨了。,When as while 区别,一、when可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和短暂性动词连用；而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。 1. Sorry，I was out when you called me（call为短暂性动词）对不起，你打电话时我刚好外出了。 2. Strike while the iron is hot（is为延续性动词）趁热打铁。 3. The students took notes as theylistened（listen为延续性动词）学生们边听课边做笔记,二、when从句的谓语动词可以在主句
35、谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生；while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。 1从句动作在主句动作前发生，只用 when。 When he had finished his homework，he took a short restWhen I got to the airport，the guests had left.,2从句动作和主句动作同时发生，且从句动作为延续性动词时，when，while，as都可使用。 When While As we were dancing，a stranger came in. When While As she was making a ph
36、onecall，I was writing a letter.,3当主句、从句动作同时进行，从句动作的时间概念淡化，而主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时，只能用 as。这时，as常表示“随着”；“一边，一边”之意。 As the time went on，the weather got worse The sad mother sat on the roadside，shouting as she was crying,4在将来时从句中，常用when，且从句须用一般时代替将来时。 You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it
37、在我读完这本书后，你可以借阅。When the manager comes here for a visit next week，Ill talk with him about this下周，经理来这参观时，我会和他谈谈此事。,2 原因状语从句 由because, as, since, for或复合连接词now that，since , in that等引导。 because因为；表直接原因，回答why的提问；一般放主句之后，也可单独存在： We stayed at home because it rained. 因为下雨我们呆在家里。as由于，鉴于；主从并重，从句说明原因，主句说明结果；为常
38、用词： As it was late, I made haste to go. 由于晚了，我赶紧走了。,for因为，由于；表明附加或推断的理由，引导的分句前常有逗号，for分句不放句首： He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，因为他今天缺席了。 since既然，因为。侧重主句，从句表示显然的或已知的理由。 Since you ask, I will tell you. 你既然问，我就告诉你。,This book is different from that book in that this one is about chemistry a
39、nd that one about history. Now that /Since you are here, have a good talk with him.,3 地点状语从句由where, wherever引导。跟在不及物动词后面 或及物动词加宾语后面.Ill go where I am most needed.I will find you wherever you are.,4 条件状语从句由if(如果), as (so) long as, provided（假如）, on condition that（条件是） 和unless引导。 条件状语从句分为两大类：真实条件句和虚拟条件
40、句。Provided that you go, I will go, too.He might pardon you on the condition that you pay him a visit.,If 引导的真实条件句和非真实条件句,1) 真实条件句（主将从现）主句： if从句:a. 一般将来时 一般现在时 b. can, may, must+do,E.g.: If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go to Beijing with you.,2) 非真实条件句a. 主句：过去将来时（would +do)If 从句：一般过去时If I were you
41、, I wouldnt go out with him. b. 主句：过去将来完成时（would/could/should have done)If 从句：过去完成时（had done)If you had told me about your difficulties, I would have helped you.,5目的状语从句由so that, in order that, in case, lest等引导。 I got up very early so that I could catch the early train. He took an umbrella with him
42、in order that he wouldnt get wet in the rain.,6 结果状语从句 由sothat, suchthat等引导。 (1)“soadj./adv.that”， “soadj.(a/an) n.that”； (2)“such(a/an)(adj.)n.that”。,1.so只能修饰单数可数名词，这个时候可以与such 互换。 so clever a boy = such a clever boy 2.如果修饰可数名词的复数，或不可数名词，就要用such. such clever boys such nice weather 3. 但如果碰到many, muc
43、h, few, little这四个词，就必须用so.so many students so much money so few students so little money,7 让步状语从句 1)由though, although, even if, even though, while, however, no matter how/ what/ who等引导。注意对让步状语从句的掌握要注意以下几点内容。 A. 使用though, although时，务必避免与but连用。 B.even if, even though和as if, as though不同。后者常常要求使用虚拟语气。,2
44、) Adj.+as +sb/sth+is/was, 也可以用来表示让步。Young as she is, she performs very well in the competition.,8比较状语从句由than, the morethe more, asas引导。As A is to B, so C is to D.As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。,练习,1. Go and get your coat. Its_ you left it. A. there B. where C. there were D.
45、where the,2. _he said at the meeting astonishedeverybody present. A. What B. That C. The fact D. The manner,3. _ the sports meet will be held depends on the weather. A. When ever B. If C. Whether D. That,4. The problem is_ he has enough time. A. if B. whether C./ D. that,5. The news_ Tom won the gam
46、e made us excited. A. which B. that C. when D. what,6. He made a promise_ he would help me. A. what B. when C. that D. which,7. I remember_ this used to be a quiet village. A. how B. when C. where D. what,8 Rubber differs from plastics _ it is produced naturally and not in file lab. A. at that B. in
47、 that C. for that D. with that,9. Well be only too glad to attend your party _ we can get a baby-sitter. A. so far as B. provided that C. unless D. except that,10. _ I admit that there are problems, I dont agree that they cannot be solved. A. When B. As C. While D. Since,真题演练,1 is not known what the
48、y discussed in the meeting.（2001）A. That B. He C. This D. It 2 who would like to go on the trip should put their names on the list.（2001）A. Those B. These C. Somebody D. The ones,3 She pulled away from the window（ ） anyone should see them.（2001）A. lest B. even though C. unless D. only if 4 Radio is different from television in（ ） it sends and receives pictures.（2001）A. which B. that C. what D. this5 Take this baggage and you can find enough room.(2001)A. put it which B. put it in whichC. put it at where D. put it wherever,
