1、七、情态动词与虚拟语气 (一)情态动词 熟读深思 熟读下列句子,思考画线情态动词的语气和用法。 1.He could(=was able to) swim when he was five.他五岁时就会游泳了。 2.In the past 50 years or so,scientists have been able to “see” farther and farther into the sky.在过去50年里,科学家们已经能够往天空看得更远。(不用can),3.He worked very hard and was able to pass that examination.他学习非常
2、努力,他能够通过那场考试。(不用can) 4.May/Might/Can/Could I have the television on?我可以打开电视看吗?Yes,you can/may.可以。(不用could或might) 5.I must write a letter to the head teacher. 我非得给校长写封信不可。 6.You have to wear uniform on duty,dont you?你在值班时必须穿制服,是吗?(指约束),7.Yesterday morning I had to call on a friend.昨天早上我不得不去探访了一个朋友。(过
3、去式不用must) 8.If it should rain tomorrow,dont expect me.万一明天下雨,就不要等我了。 9.Its strange that he should be late.真奇怪,他竟会迟到。 10.You ought to/should work harder than that.你应当更努力地工作。,11.I ought to go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow,but I dont think we will.我按理应当在明天去看看住院的母亲的,但我认为我们不会去。(强调客观) 12.You shal
4、l have it back next week.下星期一定还你。(承诺) 13.Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.应试人必须呆在座位上,直到试卷完全收回,才能离开。(必须),14.Shall he wait for you outside?要不要他在外面等你?(征求意见) 15.You neednt have mentioned it.你本来不必提起这件事。 16.You might have been more diligent.你本来可以更用功些。 17.She
5、could have applied for that job,but she didnt.她本可以申请这份工作的,但她没有。 18.You oughtnt to/shouldnt have told him about it.你本不该把这件事告诉他的。,归纳总结 1.情态动词的类型及特征(1)只作情态动词的有:must,can (could),may (might),ought to。(2)可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有:need,dare。(3)可作情态动词也可作助动词的有:shall (should),will (would)。(4)具有情态动词的某些特征的有:have/had to,u
6、sed to。(5)情态动词有一定的词义,但不能单独作谓语,适用于主语的各种人称和数(have to除 外)。,2.shall的用法shall用于二、三人称的陈述句,表示命令、允许、警告、威胁、决心等;用于一、三人称的疑问句,表示征求对方的意见和指示。 3.表能力can用来表示现在的或一般的能力(也可用be able to,但不如can普遍);表示将来的能力用will be able to;表示过去一般的能力(不表示做与未做)用could或were/was able to;表示过去有能力并成功地做成了某事用was/were able to;表示过去有能力做但未做用could have done
7、。,4.表推测(可能性)can用于肯定句中表客观的可能性;may/must用于肯定句表实际的可能性;表示否定的推测要用cant/couldnt;表示确定(或可能有的未来或期望)用should。 5.委婉语气问句中could,might (及would,should)等表示语气的委婉,但在答语中应用can/may。,6.表示必要性表示现在或将来必须做某事用must;不必做某事用dont have to do sth.或dont need to do sth.或neednt do sth.;当表示过去没有必要做但实际上做了,用neednt have done sth.。,7.“情态动词+have
8、done”用法should (shouldnt) have done本来应该(不该)做某事而未做(做了)could/might have done本来能够/可以做某事而未做neednt have done本来不必做某事但做了must have done“一定已经”,表示对过去的肯定推测cant/couldnt have done“不可能已经”,表示对过去的否定推测,8.情态动词的其他用法要点cant but+do sth.表示“不得不,只好”;may as well+动词原形,表示“最好,不妨”;cant (或never等否定词)与enough (或too much)连用,表示“再也不为过”;
9、may可用于祈使句,表示祝愿;why (或how)+should意为“竟会”;must还可表示“偏要/硬要”做某事;mustnt表示“禁止”;对以may开头的问句的否定问答应用mustnt;对以must开头的问句的否定问答应用neednt (或dont have to)。,(二)虚拟语气在条件句中的用法 熟读深思 熟读下列句子,特别注意主句和从句的谓语动词的形式。 1.If I were a bird,I could fly in the sky.假如我是一只小鸟,我就可以在天空飞翔。 2.We would stay home if it were to rain tomorrow.假如明天下
10、雨,我们将呆在家里。 3.In the past,if someone had worked for a company for over 20 years,they would have stayed there until retirement.在过去,如果一个人在一家公司工作超过20年,他就会在公司工作至退休。,归纳总结 1.虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中的用法是很重要的,应予以重视:(1)表示与现在事实相反的假设。从句结构:If+主语+动词的过去式(be的过去式用were)+其他,主句结构:主语+would/could/should+动词原形+其他。(2)表示与过去事实相反的假设。从句结构
11、:If+主语+had done+其他,主句结构:主语+would/could/should+have done+其他。另外,考生还应知道从句结构可以转化为省略倒装结构:Had+主语+done+其他。,(3)表示与将来事实相反的假设。从句结构:If+主语+were to/should+动词原形+其他或If+主语+动词过去式+其他,主句结构:主语+would/could/should+动词原形+其他。 2.当条件状语从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作 所发生的时间不一致时,被称为错综时间条件句,动词的形式应根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。 3.在条件句中可省略if,把were,had,should提
12、到句首,变为倒装句式;若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时,不能用动词的缩略形式。,4.用介词或介词短语代替条件状语从句:with a million dollars相当于if you had a million dollars;without your help相当于if I hadnt got your help;but for your help相当于if it hadnt been for your help。 5.含蓄条件句:有时为了表达的需要,在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句,而是用otherwise,or等副词、连词代替。,(三)几种特殊的虚拟语气 熟读深思 熟读下列句
13、子,体会虚拟语气,注意谓语的构成。 1.I wish I had been with you yesterday.要是我昨天跟你们在一起就好了。 2.I wish I could fly like a bird.但愿我能像鸟一样飞。 3.If only I could fly like a bird.要是我能像鸟一样能飞就好了。 4.Li Ming speaks English as if he were an American.李明讲英语就像一个美国人。,5.I would rather you did it now.我宁愿你现在做这件事。 6.Id rather you hadnt tol
14、d me the truth.我宁愿你没告诉我真相。 7.They requested that the meeting (should) be postponed.他们请求推迟开会。 8.It is time that we made/should make a decision.是我们作出决定的时候了。,归纳总结 1.虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用(1)在宾语从句中wish后面的宾语从句,表示一种不可能实现的愿望,如动词动作与wish同时发生,用过去时(如先于wish发生,则用过去完成时);表示“建议”的suggest后面的宾语从句中,应用 (should)+动词原形结构(此外,其它表“建议
15、;愿望;命令”等的动词demand,order,advise,require等也有同样用法);would rather后的宾语从句中,也用虚拟语气,其谓语动词用过去式。,(2)在主语从句中It is suggested/strange (或proposed/necessary/important/essential等)+that从句,即主语从句,从句中的谓语动词用 (should)+动词原形。(3)在表语从句和同位语从句中在idea,suggestion (或proposal,order,plan,request,advice等)后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,其构成为should+动
16、词原形。,2.常用虚拟语气的特殊句式as if/as though从句中的时态应由该从句中动词所表达的动作与主句中动词所表达的动作发生的先后顺序来确定(同时应用过去时,先于主句动词用过去完成时,后于主句动词用过去将来时);Its (high) time (that).句型中,定语从句的谓语动词一般用过去时;if only引导的感叹句中,谓语动词用过去时(有时也可用过去完成时)。,试题精选 1.English is a language that many people around the world not speak perfectly but at least understand.A.
17、may;can B.would;mightC.will;must D.could;might解析 根据句意和句子的语气可知,第一空表示一种可能性,用may not speak(可能不会说);第二空表示有某种能力。,A,2.Didnt they come to the party last week?Yes.They didnt want to come with us at first,but then we persuade them.A.would B.couldC.were able to D.had to解析 根据上下文语境及讲话人的语气,选项动作表示经过努力才完成的。在这种语气的肯定
18、句和疑问句中,常用be able to,在否定句中可用can。,C,3.I promise my daughter get a nice present on her birthday.Will it be a big surprise to her?A.should B.mustC.would D.shall解析 根据讲话人语气可以知道,选项部分表示讲话人是给对方的一种承诺,故应该选情态动词shall用于第二或第三人称用作主语的句子结构中。,D,4.All of us had a good time in the picnic last Sunday.Pity you werent ther
19、e.I really come but I was looking after my mother in hospital.A.must B.ought toC.need have D.should have解析 根据上下文和讲话人语气,选项情态动词表示“过去本该做而实际未做的事”,故应选用should have done 或ought to have done。 must do,ought to do表示还未发生的动作。need have done常用于否定或疑问句,表示“本来不必干某事”。,D,5.Did you scold him for his carelessness?Yes,but
20、 it.A.I would rather not doB.Id rather not have doneC.I shouldnt doD.Id better not do解析 根据上下文语境可以知道,选项动作是对过去事情的推测,表示“过去已经责怪,而宁愿该事情没有发生”之意。故选Id rather not have done,其它三个选项表示对将要做的事情的态度。,B,6.Just as we were sitting down to have dinner,the telephone ring.A.must B.couldC.might D.need解析 must在此表示说话人的愿望或感到不
21、耐烦,意思为“偏要”。句意为:正当我们要坐下来吃饭时,偏偏电话铃响了。其它选项无此意义。,A,7.Would you like to stay for another two days?Sorry,I .One of my best friends is coming to see me.A.mustnt B.cantC.neednt D.wont解析 cant表示一种客观可能性;mustnt表示绝对否定“一定不”;neednt不必;wont不愿意。根据语境及说话人语气,选项部分表示一种客观可能性。,B,8.Where is Johnson?I cant find him anywhere.H
22、e letters upstairs.A.might have writtenB.must have writtenC.must be writingD.must write解析 根据上下文语境可以知道,选项动作是对现在事情的推测,故应选用must be doing,而选项A、B是对过去事情的推测,选项D表示“将必须做的事情”,均不符合句子情景。,C,9.Mrs.Smith,I will fetch ten chairs for the meeting.You fetch ten;six will do.A.may not B.mustntC.neednt D.cant解析 may not不可
23、以,表示允许;mustnt一定不,表禁止;neednt没必要,表示一种建议;cant不能,表示某种可能性。根据说话人语气,应选neednt。,C,10.You pay too much attention to your reading skill,as it is so important.A.cant B.should C.must D.neednt解析 句意为:无论怎么注意你的阅读技巧都不过分,它很重要。同时句中由于有了too.to结构,只有cant 可以与它构成固定短语有此含义。其它选项无此意。,A,11.Can you come to attend our party tonight
24、?Sorry,but I do wish I .A.had B.canC.will D.could解析 分析上下文语境可以知道,wish引导的宾语从句表示与将来事实相反的愿望,故应用would/could+动词原形。,D,12.Its important that he advice of other people about our work.A.ask B.will askC.must ask D.have asked解析 在句型 It is important(strange,natural,necessary.)+从句结构中,从句中谓语动词要用“should+动词原形”构成,shoul
25、d 可以省略。,A,13.If he his legs in the last training,he the coming World Cup,which he has been longing to compete in.A.hadnt hurt;would join inB.hadnt hurt;would have taken part inC.didnt hurt;would go in forD.didnt hurt;would have taken part in解析 根据句子结构可以知道,该题是由if引导的条件状语从句,分析句意,该句表示一种假设,从句中的动作是在过去发生,即表
26、示与过去事实相反,主句的动作是在将来发生,即表示与将来事实相反,故从句谓语动词用had done,主句用would (could,might)+动词原形。,A,14.I was caught in a traffic jam for over an hour,otherwise I you waiting for such a long time.A.will not keepB.have not keptC.had not keptD.would not have kept解析 根据句子意义,otherwise 前的分句为客观事实,应使用一般过去时,而otherwise 后一分句则表示与过去
27、事实相反的一种假设,句中实际省略了if 条件句if I hadnt been caught.故选项部分应为与过去事实相反的主句虚拟结构,应选 wouldnt have kept。,D,15.Its the office!So you know eating is not allowed here.Oh,sorry.A.must B.willC.may D.need解析 句意为:这是办公室!因此你一定知道吃的不允许带到这里。must表示“一定”的意思。,A,16.John promised his doctor he not smoke,and he has never smoked ever
28、since. A.might B.shouldC.could D.would解析 句意为:约翰答应医生他不再吸烟,从那以后,他再也没有吸过烟。由句意可知空格处表示“允诺”,故应选择D项。,D,17.What sort of house do you want to have? Something big?Well,it be bigthats not important.A.mustnt B.needntC.cant D.wont解析 句意为:“你想要什么样的房子?要大的吗?”“噢,它不需要很大,那不重要。”由.thats not important.这一语境可知,空格处应表示“不需要”,故须
29、用neednt。,B,18.I to your birthday party last Sunday.Unfortunately,you were out on business.A.had come B.cameC.would come D.would have come解析 根据对话情景可知,答句Unfortunately,you were out on business.(不幸的是你出差了)实际上是上一句暗示的条件。从答句所给的特定的动词时态(一般过去时)来看,上句所说内容是对过去情况的假设,故暗示的条件句应为If I hadnt been out on business,由此可见,选项部分为主句的谓语动词,表示与过去事实相反,应选用would have come。,D,返回,