1、新概念第三册 语法精粹1新概念第三册语法精粹第一章 英语从句Subordination英语从句主要有定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）一定语从句1 定语从句：由关系代词 who, whom, whose, that, which; 关系副词 when, where, why 引导。（下面十个句子请读 5 遍并脱口译出！） 1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week. 2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my
2、 friend. 3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful. 4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in. 5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 6. He still remembers the day when he went to school. 7. It is no need telling us the reason why
3、you didnt finish it in time. 8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war. 9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English. 10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy. 2 只能用 that 和 who 引导的定语从句Aall, nothing, anything, a few, one 做先行词指物时 B先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，后面常跟 that 而不是 w
4、hich. C先行词前有 the only, the first, the last, the next, the very 等词修饰时，引导词只能用 that。 D当先行词是 anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody 时，后面要用 who 或 whom； All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的并非都是金子。 3 as 引导定语从句as 引导的定语从句有两种形式：A引导限制性语从句。在此类定语从句中，as 常与主语中作为其先行词的 such, the same 或 as 联用构成， “such.
5、 as”， “the same. as”和“ as .as”句型，可代替先行词。例如：We hope to get such a tool as he is using. 我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。Bas 引导非限制性定语从句时，作用与 which 相同，as 作为关系代词代替整个主句。（这是语法考试的一个考点。 ）注意区别：as 引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后，而 which 引导的定语从句不能放在句首。例如：As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.据报道，一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。 二状语从句超级作文联接词
6、及词组，全部拿下！新概念第三册 语法精粹2 原因：because, since, now that（既然）as, for, this reason 结果：so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to, as a result 时间：after, before, when, while, as, until, as soon as, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays . 条件：if, only if.
7、, once, unless, in the event (that), in case (that), provided that, on the condition that, etc. 让步：though, although, even though(if), no matter what / how / when whatever / however / whenever 目的：in order that, in order to, to, 比较：than, as . as, by comparison（相比较） ，by contrast（相对照） 三名词性从句王牌要点：通常由 tha
8、t 或疑问词导出。1. How some mammals came to live in the sea is not know.（主语从句） 2. The attorney told his client that they had little chance of winning the case.（宾语从句） 3. The problem is what well do next.（表语从句） 4. We have no idea that he has come back.（同位语从句）同位语（Appositive）: 同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各类考试中的一个考点，同时，在写作
9、中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。 新概念英语 第三册第一课有这样一个句子： When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. （当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南 45 英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。 ） 在这里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London 就是同位语从句，
10、它本来应该放在 “reports”后面，这里却被放在了谓语成分 came into London zoo 的后面，目的是让句型显得更为稳重。I简单记忆：同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday. （that 引导的句子解释了 news 的内容，注意：that 不做任何成分） We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad. （that 引导的句子解释了 fact 的
11、内容）II联想记忆：能接同位词从句的名词有：belief （信仰） ，fact，idea，doubt，rumor（谣言） ，evidence（证据） ，conclusion（结论） ，suggestion （建议） ，problem，order ， answer，discovery（发 现）explanation（解释） ，principle（原则） ，possibility（可能性） ，truth，promise（承诺） ，report （报告） ，statement（声明） ，knowledge（知识） ，opinion（观点） ，likelihood（可能性）大声朗读三遍，背下即可。 I
12、II王牌要点： 同位语一般由 that 引导，但也可以用关系代词 which, who, what 和关系副词 when, where, why, how 或 whether 引导。 There arouse the question whether we could win the game. I have no idea howto explain it. 新概念第三册 语法精粹3 一些介词词组后面也能引导同位语从句。 （非常经典之功能句式，可用于四六级和托福作文，不妨一试！）： on the assumption（在前提下） ，on the ground（由于原因） ，on the co
13、ndition that（在条件下） ，with the exception（有例外）owing to the fact（由于事实） ；on the understanding（基于 理解） ；The young lady promised to marry the old man on the condition that he bought her a villa. 那位年轻的女士答应嫁给那位老头，条件是他给她买一幢别墅。 IV分隔式同位语从句为了使句型平衡不至于头重脚轻，有时同位语从句可以放到句子的末尾， （读两遍此定义，然后看倒句：） An idea came to him that
14、he might write to her to ask more information about the matter. I got information from my friend that there will be a marvelous American movie “Titanic“. V. 同位语从句与定语从句之区别简单记忆：定语从句的引导词 that 或 which 在句子中用作主语或宾语，而同位语从句的引导词 that 只起连接主句和从句之作用，不用作任何成分。示例：Ive got an answer that A is right. (同位语从句，that 不做成分
15、) Ive got an answer that surprised me a lot.（定语从句，that 做定语从句的主语） VI王牌重点：可以充当同位语的词组或短语。 1）名词短语。 （ 使句型更为简洁 ） Bill Clinton, the president of America, came to China to pay an official visit in 1998. Lu Xun, one of the greatest essayists in China, played an overwhelmingly important role in Chinese litera
16、ture history. 2）动名词词组亦可用作同位语：别忘了加逗号。 （ 使句型更为流畅 ） Im crazy about the game, playing baseball. Going to concert, that sounds a great idea. 3）不定式短语。 （ 陌生只是掌握的开始 ） The problem what to do next remains unsolved. Her claim to have finished his work is nothing but a white lie. 4）形容词词组。 （有逗号隔开） All the worker
17、s, young or old, should be treated equally. Young man, short or tall, should have the right to take the opportunity. VII. 同位语的引导词。 （ 重要！这是中高级写作中不可缺少的引导成分 ） 引导词用来表示同位语与它所说明的同位成分之间的关系： 1namely, that it is, that is to say（也就是说）, in other words（换句话说）, or, for short 表示等同关系。 2such as, say, so to speak（譬如说
18、）, including（包括）, for instance（或 for example (e.g. / eg） ，表示举例和列举关系。 3especially, mostly, chiefly, or better, in particular, particularly 表示突出重点， （在高难度阅读中表示后面的新概念第三册 语法精粹4部分为更重要或更突出的部分，是出题的关键点。 ） 测试精编I. 选择正确选项：1. _ all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists. A. Nearl
19、y B. That nearly C. It is nearly D. When nearly 2. The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware _ she had gone. A. where that B. of where C. of the place where D. the place 3. Susan hasnt written us for a long time. What do you suppose_ to her? A. that happened B. happen
20、ed C. to happen D. having happened 4. May I have the loan? _ you offer good security. A. But B. Unless C. Provided D. But for 5. Gorillas are quiet animals, _ they are able to make about twenty different sounds. A. how B. in spite of C. because of D. even though 6. The little White House in warm spr
21、ings was the Georgia home of President Franklin-D. Roosevelt _ there on April 12, 1945. A. who died B. died C. while died D. he died 7. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of _ reality. A. what it is conceived B. that is conceived C. what is conceived to be D. that is being
22、 conceived of 8. Seeds usually germinate _ the temperature is favorable. A. if B. whereas C. as a result D. in consequences 9. Francis Preston Blair. Jr, _ born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri. A. was B. he was C. although D. who he was 10. _, work songs often exhibit the song culture o
23、f a people in a fundamental form. A. They occur where they are B. Occurring where C. Where they occur D. Where do they occur 第二章 虚拟语气THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD虚拟语气用来表达不可能或难以实现的愿望，与事实相反的假设，通常分为基本的三种形式。 1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟：If + did / were + ., . would shouldcould + do （动词原形） might If I were you, I would go abroad
24、 at once. (I am not you.) If he knew it now, he could help me. (He doesnt know it now.) 2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟：If + had done + ., . would (might) have done . 新概念第三册 语法精粹5If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have phoned you.(I didnt know your telephone number.) If you had come here a little
25、earlier just now, you might have met her.(You didnt come here earlier.) 3. 与将来事实相反的虚拟：(1) If + should + v., . would + v. （可能性很小） （译作 “万一 ”）If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home. If I should fail, what should Ido? (2) If + did / were to + v ., would + v.（完全不可能） If the sun were to rise in
26、 the west, I would lend you the money. If you finished it in 3 minutes, I would give you my car.4. 金牌特殊重点：！ 简单联想记忆： 下列动词后的“宾语从句”中需要用虚拟形式，即 should + 动词原形，shoud 在美国英语中要省略（TOEFL语法考点） 。此类常见的动词有：order, ask, decide, demand, require, recommend, suggest（建议）insist（坚决要求），advise, etc. 例句：He suggested that we (
27、should) help them with English. The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour. 下列名词后的同位语从句中要用“should + 动词原形” （should 可省去）的虚拟。 suggestion, order, request, demand, importance, proposal. He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party. I think it is a thi
28、ng of importance that it (should) be done soon. It is / was important / necessary / natural / essential / advisable / strange / surprising, ect. + that +主语+ should + v. It is strange that you should say such a thing. It was important that you should tell me all the information. wish 后的宾语从句中，as if 后的
29、状语从句中，须用下列的虚拟形式：主 + wish+ (that) + 主 + did / were（指现在）haddone（指过去）would+ v.（指将来） Iwishthat I met my uncle now. IwishI had met my uncle yesterday. IwishI could meet my uncle tomorrow. It is (high) time that . + did / were . It is time that you went to bed. would rather that . + did / were . I would r
30、ather that you were not here now. would sooner that . + did / were . 新概念第三册 语法精粹6I would sooner that you got up earlier. I would sooner that you were not my brother. 测试精编I. 选择正确选项：1. I _ he had taught me the word, but he didnt. A. believe B. hope C. wish D. think2. The man in charge recommends that
31、this matter _ at the meeting. A. would be discussed B. will be discussed C. be discussed D. may be discussed 3. It is raining now, otherwise we _ go out play. A. could B. can C. may D. will 4. _ he come late, give him the message. A. Had B. Should C. Would D. Did 5. Hadnt my car broke down, I _ the
32、train. A. would have caught B. might catch C. could catch D. would catch 6. I would have helped him if I had time, but I _. A. havent B. had C. didnt D. wouldnt 7. The dam was built in time to protect the inhabitants from the flood; _. A. otherwise the damage would be beyond measure. B. the damage,
33、otherwise, should be very great. C. the damage could have been very serious otherwise. D. the damage caused, therefore, many of them homeless. 8. It is natural that an employee _ his work on time. A. finishes B. finish C. can finish D. finishs 9. I would go abroad but that I _ poor. A. am B. was C.
34、shall be D. were 10. Dont act as if you _ the only pebble on the beach. A. are B. were C. have been D. would be 第三章 代替与省略SUBSTITUTIONAND OMISSION英语中，为了避免不必要的重复，经常用 so, not, to, do, does 代替前面出现的动词或相关内容。如： He translated the article better than I did. (did 代替 wrote it) Doyou think she isclever? I think
35、 so. (so 代替 she is clever) (1) 从上两例中看出，do / does / did 代替动词。(2) “so 与 not“ 代替某个词、短语、句子等，通常用于 hope, think, believe, expect, suppose, be afraid, fear, imagine, etc 后作宾语。E.g. Is it correct? Im afraid not. (not correct) (3) “to“ 用作不定式，常跟随下列动词：want, mean, hope, expect, refuse, seem, intend, be, afraid, e
36、tc. E.g. I asked him to go to the party, but he refused to. (go to the party) (4) “do so, do that, do it“ 用来代替动态动词，而不能代静态动词。Eg. He gave up studying English.新概念第三册 语法精粹7 Why did he do so? (= give up studying English) The dish tastes nice. Yes, so it does. (tastes nice) (此句不能用 it does it 或 it does so,
37、 因 taste 属静态动词。 ）(5) 为使语言精炼，避免不必要的重复，对话中常用省略形式。E.g. He is thinking of buying a car? Is he?（ 这里， “thinking of buying a car”被省略了。 ） Will he come back in time? Perhaps.（ 省略了 he will come back in time.) 测试精编I选择正确答案：1. Shall I wake you up tomorrow? Yes, _ . A. please do B. you shallC. you will D. you may
38、 2. I think records are often _ an actual performance. A. as good as or better than B. as good or better than C. like good or better than D. as good as any other 3. If he doesnt come to work, he may be fired. Surely he isnt so foolish _ not to realize that. A. so B. and C. but D. as 4. Dont you thin
39、k Alans health has beenruined by smoking? Yes, he told me _ himself. A. the fact B. this thing C. It D. so 5. Will you go home tomorrowevening? No, Im going to a lecture, or at least, Im planning _ . A. on B. to C. so D. It 6. I slipped on the stairs, I think my arm is broken. Oh! I _ . A. do not ho
40、pe so B. do not hope C. hope not so D. hope not 7. California relies mainly on income from fruit crops, and _ . A. Florida also B. Florida tooC. Florida is as well D. so does Florida 8. Have you been here long? _ .A. No, not very B. Not muchC. Yes, only little D. No, only yesterday 9. You look happy
41、 today, Mary. I like my new dress and mother _, too. A. does B. likes C. is D. do 10. So you are lost, little boy. Why didnt you hang on to your mothers skirt? _, but I couldnt reach it. A. I hanged to B. I did toC. I didnt hang to D. I tried to 第四章 倒 装INVERSION根据语法要求，把谓语动词置于主语前，称为 完全倒装 ，把助动词或情态动词置于
42、主语前，称为 部分倒装 。新概念第三册 语法精粹81副词如：in, out, down, there, here, off, over, away, etc. 句子倒装。 （完全倒装，但主语不能是代词）Down jumped the murderer from the tenth floor. In came Miss Green.（特别注意：当主语是人称代词时不倒装。 ） Away she went!（她走了！）Here you are!（你在这儿！）2only + 副词（介词短语）位于句首，句子要倒装。Only then did he realize that he was mistake
43、n. Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything. 3well, so, often, such, few, little 放于句首，句子形成倒装。So fine was the weather that we all went out lying in the sun. Well did I know him and well did he know me. 4否定词或具有否定意义的词及词组用在句首时，句子须倒装。此类词有： neither，nor ， hardly，scarcely ， rarely，seldom ，not，n
44、ever ，not only，barely ，at no time，nowhere 等。e.g. Jack could not swim. Neither could Tom. Never have I seen such a good movie. 5as 引导让步状语从句，须倒装。 （ 准确地说，是将需要强调的词提到 as 的前面。 ）Rich as he is, he spends a cent on charity. Try as he does, he never seems able to do the work beautifully. 6在表示祝愿的句子中。May you ma
45、ke greater progress! （愿你取得更大进步！）7在虚拟条件句中，连词 if 省略时，句型要倒装，即将 were, had, should 等词提到句首。Were I you, I would go abroad to take advanced study. 我要是你，就出国进修了。 Should he come tomorrow, he would help us to settle the problem. 他要是明天来的话，他会帮我们解决这个问题的。8百分特例重点：Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we
46、are no longer free to choose the things we want.（NCE Book III Lesson 26）尽管我们为自己的绝好鉴赏力感到自豪，但我们已经无法自由地选择我们所需要的东西了。测试精编I选择正确选项：1. Not until the mid-nineteenth-century discovery of vast deposits of borates in the Majave Desert _ relatively common. A. borax became B. did borax become C. and borax become
47、D. boraxs becoming 2. _ received law degrees as today. A. Never so many women have B. Never have so many women C. The women arent ever D. Women who have never 新概念第三册 语法精粹93. _ the Bobs belongings that he carried them in a bundle slung over his shoulders. A. Were so few B. Few were so C. So few were D. They were so few 4. Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother _
