1、现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。 ）现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语 already, for,
2、 since, so far, ever, never, just, lately, recently, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.表示刚刚完成的动作可以用现在完成时The police have just finished searching the area.表示重复的动作，用现在完成时Some
3、villagers say that they have seen UFOs many times.用于现在完成时的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.2）This is the that 结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen.注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have r
4、eceived his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month.现在完成进行时Have（has） been doing指的是从过去到现在这段时间内 一直在做什么事情 I have been working on this lab since last month but have not finished yet.我从上个月就一直在做这个实验但是还没完成.现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别(1) 现在完成时可以表示一个已经完成的动作，而现在完成进行时则表示一个正在进行的动作：I have read
5、 the book. 我读过这本书。I have been reading the book. 我一直在读这本书。【注】有少数动词(如 work, study, live, teach, stay 等)在表示持续一时间时用这两种时态含义差不多(只是用现在完成进行进更强调动作的持续性 )：How long have you worked been working here? 你在这儿工作多久了？Ive lived been living here since 1988. 自 1988 年以来我就一直住在这儿。(2) 现在完成时通常只陈述事实，而现在完成进行时还可表示一种感情色彩：I have w
6、aited for two hours. 我等了两小时。(陈述事实)I have been waiting for two hours. 我等了两个小时。(等得好辛苦)(3) 现在完成进行时通常用来谈论较短暂的动作或情况，若要谈论时间延续较长的动作或情况或永久性情况，则通常用现在完成时：He has lived in Paris. 他(一直)住在巴黎。He has been living in Paris. 他 (目前)住在巴黎。(表暂时性)(4) 不用于进行时态的动词通常也不用于现在完成进行时，但它们可以用于现在完成时：Ive only known her for two day. 我认识她
7、刚刚两天。Theyve been married for twenty years. 他们结婚已二十年了。The war has lasted for a long time. 这场战争持续了很长时间。(5) 现在完成进行时不用于被动语态，若要用可用现在完成时的被动语态代替：The house has been painted for a month. 这房子已漆了一个月。The problem has been studied for five days. 这个问题已研究了五天。将来进行时概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作 ,或按预测将来会发生的事情 .如：Ill be meeting hi
8、m sometime in the future.形式:(肯定,否定形式以及一般疑问式)常用的时间状语:Soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow eveningBy this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach.一将来进行时用来表示在将来的某一个时间正在进行的动作和按计划,安排, 决定预料将要发生的事下个星期的这时候,我们将在那个工厂劳动 .This time next week we shall be working i
9、n that factory.明天下午三点,我们将正在开会 . Well be having a meeting at three oclock tomorrow afternoon.你将什么时候见怀特先生 (语气较委婉客气,下属对上司)When will you be seeing Mr. White 今天晚上七点,学生们将正在看电视 .The students will be watching TV at seven this evening.二将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时刻开始, 并继续下去的动作.常用来表示礼貌的询问 ,请求等.例如:1)This
10、time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 用法:强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情 . 例:Dont worry, you wont miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time. 别担心,你不会认不出她的.她到时会穿一件红色的 T 恤衫和一条白色的短裙. 例:This time tomorrow you _ there doing some more exercises. A) will sit B) will be si
11、tting C) sit D) shall sit 答案是 B).因为 this time tomorrow 是个很具体的将来时间.三将来进行时用来表示不含意图又未发生的动作注意:将来进行时不用于表示 “意志“,不能说 Ill be having a talk with her.I will be helping Mary tomorrow.明天我帮玛丽干活.这不表示说话人已安排好要帮助玛丽或者想帮助她.这个句子仅仅说明这一动作将要发生过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。I didnt know if he would c
12、ome. 我不知道他是否会来。 They never knew that population would become a big problem.他们从来都不知道人口问题将会成为一个大问题。 二、过去将来时的表达法 （一） “would+动词原形” 。常表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。He said he would come to see me. 他说他要来看我。（二） “was/ were+going to+动词原形”。常可用来表示按计划或安排即将发生的事。 She said she was going to start off at once. 她说她将立即出发。 此结构还可表示根据当
13、时情况判断有可能但不一定会发生某事。例如： It seemed as if it was going to rain. 看来好像要下雨。 （三）come， go， leave， arrive， start 等动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。例如：He said the train was leaving at six the next morning. 他说火车将于第二天早晨六点离开。She told me she was coming to see me. 她告诉我她要来看我。 （四）条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如： I didnt know when sh
14、e would come， but when she came I would let you know. 我不知道她什么时候来，但她来了我会告诉你。 The teacher said that it would be very difficult to make progress if I didnt work hard. 老师说，如果我不努力学习的话，就很难取得进步。过去完成时 1） 概念：表示过去的过去，其构成是 had +过去分词构成。2） 用法a. 在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等动词后的宾语从句。She said (that) she had
15、 never been to Paris.b. 状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.c. 表示意向的动词，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本，未能 “We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.3) 过去完成时的时间状语 before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as，since，for， already。He said that he had learned some English before.By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
