1、Lecture 3 I.论据的表现形式,1. Historical truth历史典故法 P48/226 Be fond of flute-playing, chorus, be in total ignorance of, pretend to play it well, get a high salary and live a comfortable life in the palace, pass away, enjoy solo, have nothing to do but run away（lute）,172题,One day, farmer, sit by the tree, a
2、 hare dashed against by the tree trump, got its neck broken, gift sent by God, since day, sit there day by day and anticipate another hare to bump into the tree.,P2./7 P9/37,Cut ones feet to fit into an elaborate shoe He is only good at paper work Armchair general,P4/13,Ambassador, short and plain-l
3、ooking Denied at the entrance, Send a worthy man to a worthy state Least worthy of all,2.statistics数据统计法,P20/92 A survey issued by the Department of Sociology at Lancaster University suggests that 21.7% college students suffer from various kinds of mental problems, such as depression and stress. It
4、is a 11.2% increase compared with,Researchers in Campus Mental Problem Society(CMPS) pointed out thatTime magazine sorted through the current thinking on intelligence and reported, “New brain research suggests that emotions may be the true measure of human intelligence.”,P28/131 P41/195,On average,
5、each adult spends one and a half hour in front of the TV screen, and this figure soars with children who are generally glued to TV for at least 4.6 hours a day, which is a 25.7% increase. Nationwide, the average time of children playing meaningful games has tumbled nearly 19.4% since 1997, according
6、 to,In addition, the time dedicated to talking with family members and enjoying traditional festivals is on a sharp decline from_ to_ per week.,P43/204,Every single day, more than 45,700 new items are prohibited to reach the general public in North Korea which accounts for_% of the total news availa
7、ble. Information block信息封锁,3.anecdotes逸闻趣事法,见补充讲义:杜撰型与真实型的穿插 应对“雷同探测器”的方法 特殊领域,特殊见解 剑走偏锋, 虚实结合,Too much time, money and energy are spent developing new and more elaborate technology. Society should instead focus on maximizing the use of existing technology for the immediate benefit of its citizens.最
8、大限度应用现有技术,使它的公民直接受益.,As an example, consider the technological developments of the United States space program. Although originally developed for use in space travel and exploration, a tremendous amount of space technology has been adapted for use in normal, everyday products that have improved the
9、quality and safety of peoples lives.,Smoke detectors, Teflon non-stick coating, cordless power tools and a variety of protective clothing have all been developed using NASA technology. One of the latest advance, is a miniature heart assist device based on space shuttle fuel pumps that can help patie
10、nts with heart problems to survive and even live normal lives.These are but a few of the benefits that have been realized by an intense focus on researching and developing new technologies.,P28/134,It is a popular myth that great geniusesthe Einsteins, Picassos and Mozarts of this worldspring up out
11、 of nowhere as if touched by the finger of God. A professor who studies early learning has attacked this myth, saying that when he looked into Gausss childhood, he found that Gausss mother had been teaching him numbers at the age of two.,His father had supervised manual workers, and played calculati
12、on games with him. Furthermore, Gauss had an educated uncle who taught him sophisticated math at an early age. It is the same story with other geniuses. Einsteins father was an electrical engineer who fascinated his son with practical displays of physics.,“In every case, when you look into the backg
13、rounds of great people, there is this pattern of very early stimulation by a parent or teacher figure.” says the professor.(借用权威人物来表达自己的见解),In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues tha
14、t affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings trials, debates, meetings, etc. that are televised, the more society will benefit.可供转播的政府运作越多,对社会的好处就越多.,转播所有政府程序会引发负面作用.这方面的例子是美国对所指控的谋杀者和前美国全国联赛超级明星辛普森的审判. 律师们清楚的知道, 整个审判程序被转播,他们的所作所为几乎像在电影里演戏那样.媒体的聚光灯如此穷追不舍,电视镜头的存在以及密集的媒体报道效果致使这场审判史无前
15、例, 严重影响了审判的正常进程.许多人认为,很大程度上由于电视的缘故, 在这场特定的审判中, 正义并未得到声张.,One example of the possible negative effects of televising all governmental proceedings was the trial in the United States of accused murderer and former National Football League superstar O.J. Simpson.attorneys were fully aware that the proce
16、edings were being televised and almost behaved as if they were acting in a movie.,The spotlight was so unrelenting that the circus atmosphere affected even the judge. The presence of television cameras and the effect of the intense media coverage led to a trial like no other, and adversely affected
17、the natural progression of the trial.,Largely because of television, many people would argue that justice was not served during this particular trial.,4. Facts事实法,130题 The more countries and regions that an individual can become familiar with, the greater the likelihood that he or she will find a pl
18、ace that he or she would like to visit in person.,Hiking the Grand Canyon in the United States or scuba diving around the Great Barrier Reef in Australia is not the same as watching it on television or the Internet. Snow skiing in the Swiss Alps or breathing in the fresh air of the Scottish Highland
19、s must be personally experienced to be enjoyed.,Shaking hands with a local Chinese villager in his own home or tasting the cooking of a friendly tribesman along the Amazon River simply cannot be done without traveling. Technology only increases the knowledge that is easily available, it cannot dampe
20、n the enthusiasm for tourism in those that love to travel.,5. Citing authority引用权威,两种方式,1. 借用权威来表达自我的观点. Confucius, a great thinker in ancient China, once commented, “”. 2.在引用的基础上进行意义阐发,意义阐发,Francis Bacon: Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral g
21、rave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.,74题,1948年,梁思成在清华作了的演讲,针对文理分家的现象提出, 只懂技术,不谙人文, 是空心人; 侈谈人文, 不晓科技, 是边缘人.,他山之石,可以攻玉,I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked p
22、laces will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope.,合情合理合时宜,Till mountains crumble, Streams run dry, Thunder rumbles in winter, Snow falls in summer, And the earth mingles with the sky, Till then will I cease to love you.,pa
23、rison让步对比法,The popularity of TV makes it the most effective channel of communication. Nowadays, it is common for a TV-broadcast NBA game to have billions of people sitting in front of that little screen cheering their favorite sports stars. This would have been unimaginable in the days of traditiona
24、l media such as books, theaters and films. At that time,.,101题,Taking the absolute point of view, humans would be justified in allowing any species to become extinct if it would take extraordinary efforts to save it. Why, for example, should we care about some small species of fish that may become e
25、xtinct if we build a certain dam, if that dam will provide electricity for hundreds of people?,Alligators have attacked people in the United States, so why should we make any effort to protect them? The answer would seem to be obvious that eliminating these species gives us less diversity in the environment. Humans cannot exist as the lone species on this planet.,一条条生命链以一种完美的模式错综复杂地缠绕在一起, 人类通过短浅的目光是绝难看透这一模式的. The chains of life are intricately bound together in a beautiful pattern that we cannot see through our own myopia.,7. Analogy类比法,见补充讲义,
