1、GRE argument,,备考要点,一、熟悉题库，每道题都列提纲，找出逻辑漏洞，掌握其分析技巧； 二、学会现成语言套路：尤其是开头段和结尾段； 三、充分利用原题词汇和表达，加快写作速度； 四、在上考场前至少练20篇文章；,整体结构 第1段：归纳论点、论据，指明逻辑漏洞 第2段第4（5）段：分类攻击各个逻辑错误 结尾段：总结归纳，可给出改进手段,Argument 破题,Argument主体大段三要素；论点(assertion)：注意信号词should, so, therefore, consequently, hence, thus 论据(evidence)：多用调查、例子、数据等 假设(as
2、sumption)：阶段性结论（往往隐式，也使用信号词-therefore, thus, hence等）,如何写开头段: Conclusion + concession + Evidence + Evaluation,Merely based on unfounded/unreliable/fallacious assumptions and questionable/dubious/suspicious/unsubstantiated evidence, the author/arguer draws the conclusion that _. To substantiate (suppo
3、rt) this conclusion, the arguer points out/cites _ as evidence.,In addition (Additionally), the author indicates (infers) that _. Furthermore, he cites the result of a recent survey (_ as a typical example) in support (favor) of this recommendation,At first glance (让步逻辑)/admittedly/concededly, this
4、argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some substantial concerns that should be addressed. From the logical perspective, this argument suffers from N logical flaws.,In this argument, the author concludes/makes a conclusion about _ that _. To support
5、his conclusion, the author points out that _. In addition, he infers that _. Furthermore, the arguer cites _ as a typical example in support of this recommendation.,However, these alone do not constitute a logical argument in favor of its conclusion. Failing to provide more convincing/solid support,
6、 this argument is by no means invulnerable/cogent.,如何写正文段,正文段数量：3-4段（每段攻击一个逻辑错误）,如何写正文段,段落之间保持连贯：善用逻辑连接结构 Firstly, secondly, lastly The major questionable assumption in the argument ; Another problematic postulation is; Additionally, the arguer groundlessly presumes ,正文段首句,The threshold/first and fo
7、remost/fundamental problem with this argument is that _. Another problem that weakens the logic of this argument is that _. Lastly, it is necessary to point out the last flaw involved in this argument that _.,正文段顺序,攻击逻辑错误攻击逻辑错误之间的顺序 顺序式攻击 主次式攻击 让步式攻击（逻辑排列） A不成立 即便A成立，B也不成立 即便A、B成立，C也不成立,论证方式,例证法：for
8、 example，for instance假设法/假想推测法：if it turns out that then /suppose then/it might well happens that then in this case/it is perfectly possible that /perhaps that/chances are that in that case/ under such circumstances/scenario, 让步法：While it may be true that /although _ can bring about /granted that/un
9、fortunately/nevertheless/however/ it does not necessarily follow that/it is not guaranteed that,论证方式,定义攻击法：evidence中的关键概念不清或错误反证法：假设argument正确，推出与argument提供数据相矛盾之结论无证据攻击：argument未提供evidence的来源，因此evidence自然失去credibility,如何写结尾段,Evaluation + Concession + possible improvement（虚拟语气）To sum up, this arguer
10、 fails to substantiate his claim that _, because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong (credible) support to what the arguer maintains. To convince the _, he needs to provide more convincing/solid/reliable/substantial evidence concerning _.,结尾段：possible improvements,To make the arg
11、ument more convincing, the author would have to provide more information in/with regard to _. Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that _. If the argument had included more information/more reliable _ in/with regard to _, it would have been more thoroughly and logically acceptable.,sample-a16,
12、16、In surveys Mason City residents rank water sports (swimming, boating, and fishing) among their favorite recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through the city is rarely used for these pursuits, however, and the city park department devotes little of its budget to maintaining riverside
13、recreational facilities. For years there have been complaints from residents about the quality of the rivers water and the rivers smell. In response, the state has recently announced plans to clean up Mason River. Use of the river for water sports is, therefore, sure to increase. The city government
14、 should for that reason devote more money in this years budget to riverside recreational facilities. Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the ar
15、gument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.,argument 16,16、In surveys Mason City residents rank water sports (swimming, boating, and fishing) among their favorite recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through the city is rarely used for these pursuits, however, and the city park departme
16、nt devotes little of its budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities. For years there have been complaints from residents about the quality of the rivers water and the rivers smell. In response, the state has recently announced plans to clean up Mason River. Use of the river for water sp
17、orts is, therefore, sure to increase. The city government should for that reason devote more money in this years budget to riverside recreational facilities. Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on t
18、hese assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.,analysis,A: 市民都喜欢玩水。（survey shows） - survey results B: 市民现在很少到M河玩水。 （rarely used） - facts C: 市政府花在M河边娱乐设施上的钱很少（little of budget） - facts D: 市民埋怨M河水质不好。（complaints） - facts E: 州政府已经决定清洁M河流。（announced
19、 plans）- facts F：到M河玩水的人会变多。（sure to increase）- assumption G：市政府应该增加M河边的娱乐设施预算。(should) - claim,Company Logo,analysis,A: 市民都喜欢玩水。（survey shows） - survey results B: 市民现在很少到M河玩水。 （rarely used） - facts C: 市政府花在M河边娱乐设施上的钱很少（little of budget） - facts D: 市民埋怨M河水质不好。（complaints） - facts E: 州政府已经决定清洁M河流。（an
20、nounced plans）- facts F：到M河玩水的人会变多。（sure to increase）- assumption G：市政府应该增加M河边的娱乐设施预算。(should) - claim,sample response p1,In this argument, the arguer advocates that Mason City government should devote more money in this years budget to riverside recreational facilities. Although this argument might
21、 seem reasonable at the first glance, it is in fact unconvincing/feeble/unpersuasive/implausible. The reasons are stated as follows.,sample response p1,In this argument, the arguer advocates that Mason City government should devote more money in this years budget to riverside recreational facilities
22、. Although this argument might seem reasonable at the first glance, it is in fact unconvincing/feeble/unpersuasive/implausible. The reasons are stated as follows.题目既然要求指出其中的assumptions，在第一段最好明确点出。,sample response p1,In this argument, the arguer advocates that Mason City government should devote more
23、 money in this years budget to riverside recreational facilities. Although this argument might seem reasonable at the first glance, it is in fact unconvincing/feeble/unpersuasive/implausible because it encompasses unreliable assumptions and tenuous connections between evidence and conclusion, which
24、are listed as follows.,p2,In the first place, the arguer assumes that surveys about residents favorite recreational activities are sufficient. However, unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of residents in Mason City and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are n
25、ot reliable to gauge the residents fondness of water sports generally. For example, if the respondents included only those who like water sports, then the results would no doubt suggest swimming, boating and fishing are favorite recreational activities. Even if the survey is sufficient, the favorite
26、 of water sports could be the love of watching such games on TV rather than performing by themselves, which would render the results of the survey meaningless.,p2,In the first place, the arguer assumes that surveys about residents favorite recreational activities are sufficient. However, unless the
27、surveyors sampled a sufficient number of residents in Mason City and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge the residents fondness of water sports generally. For example, if the respondents included only those who like water sports, then the results
28、would no doubt suggest swimming, boating and fishing are favorite recreational activities. Even if the survey is sufficient, the favorite of water sports could be the love of watching such games on TV rather than performing by themselves, which would render the results of the survey meaningless. 有些细
29、节的语言表述不清楚或不够精炼。,p2,In the first place, the arguer assumes that surveys about residents favorite recreational activities are sufficient. However, unless the surveys sampled a sufficient number of residents in Mason City and did so randomly across the entire spectrum, their results are not reliable to
30、 gauge the residents general fondness of water sports. For example, if the respondents included only those who like water sports, then the results would no doubt suggest swimming, boating and fishing are their favorite recreational activities. Even if the surveys are reliable, the respondents may on
31、ly love watching such games on TV rather than participating in them, which would render the results of the surveys meaningless in backing the building of recreational facilities.,p3,In the second place, the arguer assumes that the more budget government devote to riverside recreational facilities, t
32、he cleaner the Mason River will be. Nevertheless, there is no guarantee that it is necessarily the case, and the arguer does not supply any evidence to confirm this assumption. It is quite possible that the quality and the smell of the rivers water will deteriorate when the recreational facilities a
33、re frequently used, so that the budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities could even be counterproductive to the quality of Mason River.,p3,In the second place, the arguer assumes that the more budget government devote to riverside recreational facilities, the cleaner the Mason River w
34、ill be. Nevertheless, there is no guarantee that it is necessarily the case, and the arguer does not supply any evidence to confirm this assumption. It is quite possible that the quality and the smell of the rivers water will deteriorate when the recreational facilities are frequently used, so that
35、the budget to maintaining riverside recreational facilities could even be counterproductive to the quality of Mason River. 严重错误：原文并没有明确这个assumption，自然对其辩驳也是无用且错误的。,p4,Last but not the least, even if the evidence turns out to support the foregoing assumptions, the arguer just simply assumes that the
36、disappointing quality of the river is horrible enough for the government to decide to deal with/clean up it in this year and neither any conclusive evidence nor any anecdotal evidence is provided to affirm this assumption. It is reasonable to doubt that what the arguer assumes will not happen in rea
37、lity. It is just as possible that Mason City government would devote more money to riverside facilities in several years after. To reach the cited conclusion, the arguer must explain why none of these alternatives is able to happen.,p4,Last but not the least, even if the evidence turns out to suppor
38、t the foregoing assumptions, the arguer just simply assumes that the disappointing quality of the river is horrible enough for the government to decide to deal with/clean up it in this year and neither any conclusive evidence nor any anecdotal evidence is provided to affirm this assumption. It is re
39、asonable to doubt that what the arguer assumes will not happen in reality. It is just as possible that Mason City government would devote more money to riverside facilities in several years after. To reach the cited conclusion, the arguer must explain why none of these alternatives is able to happen
40、. 语言不够精炼、准确,p4,Last but not the least, even if the evidence turns out to support the foregoing assumptions, the arguer hastily assumes that the state government to clean up the river soon, for which not a shred of evidence is provided. It is just as possible that Mason City government would devote m
41、ore money to riverside facilities in several years after. To reach the cited conclusion, the arguer must explain why none of these alternatives is able to happen. 语言不够精炼、准确,p4,Last but not the least, even if the evidence turns out to support the foregoing assumptions, the arguer hastily assumes that
42、 the state government to clean up the river soon, for which not a shred of evidence is provided. It is just as possible that Mason City government would devote more money to riverside facilities in several years after. To reach the cited conclusion, the arguer must explain why none of these alternat
43、ives is able to happen.严重错误：题目中是state government打算投资改善水质，而非city government。,p4,Last but not the least, even if the evidence turns out to support the foregoing assumptions, the arguer hastily assumes that the state government to clean up the river soon, for which not a shred of evidence is provided.
44、It is reasonably likely that the state council does not consider this an urgency and would set to cleaning the river up several years later.,p5,To sum up, the arguers argument mentioned above is not based on valid evidence or sound reasoning, neither of which is dispensable for a conclusive argument
45、. In order to draw a better conclusion, the arguer should reason more convincingly, cite some evidence that is more persuasive, and take every possible consideration into account.,p5,To sum up, the arguers argument mentioned above is not based on valid and sufficient evidence or sound reasoning, nei
46、ther of which is dispensable for a conclusive argument. In order to draw a solid conclusion, the arguer should reason more convincingly, cite more reliable and persuasive evidence. Otherwise, it is highly unlikely to persuade the city government to allocate increased funding.,strengths,embedding of
47、subordinate elements effective word choices cohesioncareful organization,weaknesses,fails to include several important assumptions and implicationsmisunderstanding of the topic leads to unsupported assertions of its own unwarranted assumptions that are not part of the original argument relatively lo
48、w language efficiency and accuracy,score: 2 - 3,sample essay score 6 - p1,While it may be true that the Mason City government ought to devote more money to riverside recreational facilities, the authors argument does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use. It is easy to un
49、derstand why city residents would want a cleaner river, but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions, and thus, not strong enough to lead to increased funding. (67 words),p2,Citing surveys of city residents, the author reports city residents love of water sports. It is not clear about, howev
50、er, the scope and validity of that survey. For example, the survey could have asked residents if they prefer using the river for water sports or would like to see a hydroelectric dam built, which may have swayed residents toward river sports. The sample may not have been representative of city resid
51、ents, asking only those residents who live upon the river. The survey may have been 10 pages long, with 2 questions dedicated to river sports. We just do not know. Unless the survey is fully representative, valid, and reliable, it can not be used to effectively back the authors argument. (119 words),
