1、1Unit1 That must be a record!一教学目标教学项目 教 学 内 容重点单词beard n. 胡须voyager n. 航行者;航海者tight adj. 紧的tightrope n. 绷紧的绳索或钢丝edition n. 版本;版moustache n. 鬓;八字须;brewery n. 啤酒厂conclude v. 达成;结束hire vt. 租用length n.长度;长athletic adj. 运动(员) 的fade vi. 凋谢;褪色;(声音等)account n. 叙述;账目;账户attempt vt. 尝试 n. 试图;企图suitable adj. 合
2、适的;适合的 inspect vt. 检查;视察;察看confirm vt. 证实;确认;批准certificate n.证(明) 书;执照gradual adj. 渐变的;逐渐的 blank n. 空白(隙)adj. 空白( 虚)的enthusiastic adj. 热情的bid n. 出价;投标 vt. & vi.(bid, bid) (拍卖)喊(价)投标 decade n. 十年committee n. 委员会fascinate vt. 迷住skilful adj. 有技巧的;熟练的administration n. 管理;行政(机关) ;经营permission n. 允许;许可 sc
3、hoolmate n. 同学;校友grandparent n . (外)祖父/母recently adv. 不久前;近来familiar adj. 熟悉的concentrate vi. 集中;全神贯注 vt. 集中;聚集;浓缩helmet n. 头盔;安全帽truly adv. 真诚地;真正地delight vt. 给(某人)乐趣;n. 高兴;愉快energetic adj. 精力充沛的;充满活力的cautious adj. 小心的;谨慎的outgoing adj. 外向的register v. 登记;注册globe n. 地球仪;球体;地球bush n.灌木从burst vi. 爆炸;爆破;
4、使突然underline vt. 在下面画线;强调重点短语send in 寄送某处进行处理set down 记下;写下in a row 一个接一个in the first place 首先apply for 申请;请求burst into sth 突然而猛烈地发出或产生出某事物centre on/upon 将某人(某事物 )当作中心或重点concentrate on 专心致志词汇 1. tight 2. hire 3.account 6. fascinate 7. burst2解析 4.attempt 5. apply for 8. permission 9. delight 词义辨析1. a
5、ttempt 与 try2. hire,employ ,rent 与 appoint3. voyage,travel,journey ,trip 与 tour4. contain,include,involve 与 hold5. collect 与 gather阅读 More than 60,000 new records are sent in to the book each year语法 主 谓 一 致高考园地 历年典型高考题目解析与指导二、教学辅助内容1) 钢琴式阅读More than 60,000 new records are sent in to the book each ye
6、ar, but they cannot all be printed. Instead, the editors of the book set down the records and keep track of them in other ways. The records are put into different categories. The Guinness Book of World Records has chapters on the human body, amazing feats, the natural world, science and technology,
7、arts and the media, modern society, travel and transport, and sports and games. You can learn that the oldest person is a woman who lived to be 122 years and 164 days, that the longest moustache reached a length of 1.6 meters and that the longest poisonous snake is 5.71 meters long. There are also s
8、trange records, like the Englishman who balanced a small car weighing 159.6 kilograms on his head for thirty-three seconds! 2) 文化背景The Guinness Book of World RecordsIn1951, sir Hugh beaver, then managing director the Guinness Brewery, went a shooting party and became involved in an argument. Which w
9、as the fastest game bird in Europe? The golden plover or the grouse? He realized then that a boom supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove popular. He was right!Sir Hughs idea became reality when Norris and Ross McWhirter, who had been running a fact-finding agency in London, were
10、commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of World Records. The first edition was bound on August 27, 1995, and went to the top of the British bestseller lists by Christmas that year. Since then, Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in the world record
11、s. No other enterprise collects, confirms, accredits and presents world record data with the same investment in comprehensiveness and authenticity.The book has gone on to become a record breaker in its own right. With sales of more than 94 million copies in 100 different countries and 37 languages,
12、Guinness World Records is the worlds best ever selling copyright book!吉尼斯世界记录的由来 “吉尼斯”原是一家啤酒厂的名字, “吉尼斯世界纪录”的产生出于一次偶然争论。一天,酿造厂经理比佛在打猎时,突然看见一只从未见过的飞鸟。大家便开始议论这种鸟是不是欧洲飞得最快的鸟。但找不到文字记载,最后只好不了了之。不过,3比佛没有放弃。1954 年 9 月 12 日,他与孪生兄弟成立了一个专门收集世界之最的机构,取名为吉尼斯公司,并马上开始了编写工作。 1955 年 8 月 7 日,第一本吉尼斯世界纪录大全正式出版。极限运动人类在与自
13、然的融合的过程中,借助于现代高科技手段、最大限度地发挥自我身心潜能, 向自身挑战的娱乐体育项目。除了追求竞技体育超越生理极限的 “更高、更快、更强”外, 它更强调参与与勇敢精神,在跨越心理障碍时所获得的愉悦感和成就感。同时它还体现了人类返璞归真、回归自然,强调绿色环保、生态平衡的美好愿望,因此被誉为“未来体育运动” 。下面是有关极限运动获得吉尼斯记录的简单介绍:最高的高空行走1998 年 5 月 4 日,在美国密歇根州马绍尔上空 5730 米高度处,英国的麦克霍华德在两个热气球 之间的铝杆上做了一次空中行走。他没系安全带,仅用一根长杆保持平衡。后来他的这一壮举在黄金时段:吉尼斯世界纪录电视展播
14、中播出。 规模最大的集体蹦跳极跳1998 年 9 月 6 日,在德国的法兰克福,25 人从行志银行总部大楼前的 52 米高的平台跳下。此项 活动是由法兰克福市议会组织的,是“摩天大楼节”活动的一部分。其目的是引起公众对现代建筑和新兴商务区的关注。表演蹦极跳的人是参加节日活动的自愿者。穿单排轮溜冰鞋跳出最大高度穿单排轮溜冰鞋跳出的最大高度是 2.7 米。该纪录由 1996 年 12 月 15 日瑞士的伦道夫桑多斯在 荷兰的阿姆斯特丹创造。时间最长的拳击比赛按昆斯伯里规则,历时最长的世界轻量级冠军拳击是 1906 年 9 月 3 日在轻量拳击手乔甘斯与奥斯卡纳尔逊之方的一次犯规而最终获胜。赤手劈物
15、冠军1998 年 3 月 22 日,在澳大利亚新南威尔士州的悉尼,布鲁斯海恩斯赤手劈断了总重量达 310公 斤的 15 片水泥板。海恩斯这位人们公认的赤手劈物的世界冠军是黑带级空手道选手,曾 8 次获得国际体育空手道协会的世界冠军称号。3) 词汇解析1. tight tight 做形容词,意为“紧身的;紧贴的;牢固的” ,也可以指“(时间上) 紧凑的;(经济上)拮据的” 。例:She was wearing a tight pair of jeans. 她穿着一条紧身牛仔裤。The screw was so tight that it wouldnt move. 螺丝钉太紧,拧不开。 tigh
16、t 做形容词,意为“ 严紧的;严格的”多用来说明管理、控制等,相当于 strict,firm 。例:Parents want to keep tight control over their children and their actions.父母想对他们的孩子及其行为严加控制。4 tight 做形容词,还可意为“亲密的;密切的” ,可用来说明人与人之间的关系密切,相当于close。表示“势均力敌的;不相上下的”时时,可用来修饰说明竞赛、赛跑等,此时也可用close 来替换。例:It was a tight community and newcomers were not welcome.
17、这个社区很团结,不欢迎新来的人。Its very exciting to watch a tight football match!观看势均力敌的足球赛是非常激动人心的! tight 做副词,意为“紧紧地;牢固地 ”。例:My suitcase was packed tight. 我的衣箱塞得满满的。 常用短语: a tight corner/spot 困境;险境run a tight ship 管理有方;严加控制to keep a tight rein on sb/sth 对某人或某事严加控制2. hire hire 做及物动词,意为“租用;租借” ,多指暂时或短时间的租用某物。例:He h
18、ired two beautiful cars for their wedding. 举办婚礼时他租了两辆漂亮的小汽车。 hire 做及物动词,意为“聘用;(临时)雇用” ,多指短期或临时雇用某人做某项特殊的工作。例:They hired a famous lawyer to be in charge of the case. 他们雇用了一位著名律师来负责处理此案件。 hire 做名词,意为“租用;租借” ,指“租用”这个行为。例:He runs a car hire firm. 他经营一家小汽车出租公司。 常用短语: hire sth out 出租某物hire oneself out (to
19、 sb) 为(某人)工作;受聘于(某人)on hire from 向租用3. account account 做名词,可意为 “(对事件、人物等的)报道;叙述;描写” ,还可以意为 “账户” 。例:Working in a team, we have to take into account how each individual member works best.在团队工作中,我们必须考虑如何使个人充分的发挥作用。I dont have a bank account (an account at/with a bank). 我没有银行账户。 account 做动词,意为 “认为是;视为”
20、,常构成动词短语或用于被动语态,可接形容词或名词做主语补足语。例:The event was account a success/successful. 人们认为这次活动是成功的。 常用短语: take into account / take account 考虑到;顾及on account of (=because of) 因为;由于account for 解释;说明4. attempt attempt 做可数名词,意为“努力;尝试;企图” ,后可接不定式或介词 on/at 短语。例:They made no attempt to escape. 他们并未图谋逃跑。He failed to
21、set a new record, but it was a good attempt. 他虽然没有创造新记录,但他作了很大的努力。 attempt 做动词,意为“试图(=try);企图” ,后常接名词、代词或不定式做宾语。 其意义与 try 相同,但 attempt 为正式用语,多用于书面语中、含有“试图作某事 但未达到所有期望的结果”之意。例:The prisoners attempted an escape (to escape), but failed. 5囚犯企图逃跑,但是失败了。 常用短语: make an attempt on sb / sths life 企图谋杀某人make
22、an/no attempt to do sth / on sth 企图/没有企图作某事in an attempt to do sth 为了作某事5. apply for phr. to request sth, esp. officially and in writing 提出请求;申请apply for 是及物动词,意为“提出请求;申请” 。例如:apply for admission 申请入学 /入会He applied to the bank for a loan. 他向银行申请贷款。6. fascinate fascinate 做动词,意为“迷住;使神魂颠倒” ,与 excite,in
23、terest,surprise 等。 这类动词的用法相同。例如:It was a question that had fascinated him since he was a boy. 这是他自幼就着迷的问题。They were fascinated to see that it was similar to one they had at home.他们发现这个和他们家中的那个相似,极感兴趣。7. burst burst 做动词,意为“(使)破裂;(使)爆裂;(使)爆炸” ,其过去式、过去分词仍是burst。例:The balloon will burst if you blow it u
24、p any more. 你再给气球充气,它就要爆了。The sun burst through the clouds. 太阳穿云而出。 常用短语: be burst to do sth 急于做某事8. permission permission 是不可数名词,意为“许可;准许;批准” 。常用短语 ask for permission 表示“请求允许” ;without permission 表示“未经许可” 。例:He attended the lecture without permission. 未经许可他就去听讲座。 permit 是 permission 的动词形式,意为“允许许可”
25、,常用结构 permit doing sth 表示“允许做某事” ;permit sb to do sth 表示“允许某人做某事” 。例:They dont permit making noise here. 这儿不允许吵闹。People are not permitted to smoke here. 这儿不允许吸烟。知识拓展:与 permit 用法相同(即可接动名词做宾语又可接不定式做宾语)的动词还有:allow, forbid,advise,consider 等。例: We were forbidden to use out fathers recorder when we were y
26、oung.我们小时候不准使用父亲的录音机。9. delight delight 做及物动词,意为 “使喜欢;使高兴;使快乐 ”,主动语态中常用人做宾语,be delighted 后可接名词不定式后 that 从句。例:She delighted the audience with her jokes about the president.她讲了有关总统的一些笑话,使观众很开心。I am delighted to meet you. 我很高兴见到你。 delight 还可做不可数名词,意为“喜欢;高兴;愉快” ,相当于 joy。表示“乐趣;乐事” ,也可做可数名词,与冠词 a 连用。例:To
27、our delight, we have beaten them. 使我们高兴的是,我们击败了他们。I read your new book with real delight. 我非常愉快地读了你的新书。This guitar is a delight to play. 这吉他弹起来很爽意。6 常用短语: delight in (doing)sth 以为乐be delighted at/by (听到/ 看到/想到)很高兴4) 词义辨析1. attempt 与 try 的区别 attempt 是指去做自己希望会成功的事,常常包含冒险的意义。例:It will be a long time be
28、fore any landing on Mars can be attempted.试图在火星上着陆是一件遥远的事。 try 比 attempt 普通得多。在口语中使用 try 比使用 attempt 显得浅显通俗。但这两个词有着明显的差别。try 表示试一试,意即欲证明或检验某件事,这是 attempt 所不能表达的。在表示致力于某事时,try 并不包含冒险的意思。例:You can try on the new coat. 这件新衣裳,你可以试一试。2. hire, employ, rent 与 appoint 的区别 hire 意思是“雇佣;租用” ,是日常用语,指按工作量或时间雇用人或
29、租借东西,是短期行为。例:He hired a truck to help him in moving his new home.他租了一辆卡车帮他搬家。 employ 意思是 “雇用;用 ”,多指商店或公司长期雇用人手。例:The company employs 50 people. 这家公司雇用了 50 人。 rent 意思是“租;出租” ,一般指租借房屋,地产(租借出去) 。例:The room rents at 5 a week.这房间每星期租金 5 美元。 appoint 意思是“任命” ,指长期聘用。例:Our school has appointed several Englis
30、h teachers recently.最近我们学校聘用了几个英语老师。3. voyage, travel, journey, trip 与 tour 的区别这几个词都有“旅行;航行”的意思,它们有何区别? voyage 大都用于指海上旅途。例:The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage.泰坦尼克号首航便沉没了。 journey 是指从一地到另一地所花费的时间及所走的路程。例:I go to work by train, and the journey takes 40 minutes.我乘火车上班,路上要 40 分钟。 travel 是一个通用的词,指长时间的
31、目的并不确定的长途旅行。例:He came home after years of foreign travel. 他在国外旅行多年后回到家乡。 trip 常在口语中使用。尤指短程往返的旅行。例:Did you have a good trip? 你旅行顺利吗? tour 多指一日几游的巡回路线。例:The foreign guests made a round the city tour three days ago.外国客人三天前作了一次城市环游。4. contain,include ,involve 与 hold 的区别这四个单词都有“包含”的意思,但具有意义的侧重点不同。 contai
32、n 意为“包含;装有;容纳 ”,着重其中所容纳或装的量,或实际上包含的成分或成分的一部分,指较大的物体包含着或较大的容器装着别的东西。可以指包含全部或部分。例:The water in the lake contains salt. 这个湖的湖水含盐。The book Im reading contains stories by famous authors.7我正在读的这本书有许多名作家写的故事。 include 意为“包含;包括” ,多指包含部分,整体中包含明确地说出某些部分,即该物是另一物的一部分。句中常可用 include 或 included 形式。例:The trip includ
33、ed a riverboat ride, a tour of an old plantation, and lunch at a famous restaurant.这次旅行包括乘船游览,参观者种植园和在一家知名饭馆里吃饭。 involve 意为“牵涉;包含” ,指必然包含某种结果,多指具体事物,不一定把全部内容列举出来,也可表示“使卷入”之意。例:The argument involved moving all the desks and chairs out.辩论包含一些基本内容的讨论。 hold 意为“ (容器)可装(容量);可容纳” ,着重指能够容纳的最大限量,有能力容纳。例:The
34、bookcase contains 50 volumes, but holds a hundred.这个书架放着 50 卷书,但它可以容纳 100 卷。5. collect 与 gather 的区别这两个词都有“收集”的意思,两者都可用做不及物动词,常可互相使用。例:Clouds are gathering/collecting. Its going to rain. 乌云密布,要下雨了。但在具体的情况使用时,有所区别。 gather 表示把分散的东西集中到一起,不仅可用做具体的人和物,还可用于抽象的事物,如力量、印象等聚集起来,也可指采花、摘果实、采蜜等。例:The students wil
35、l gather at the school gate tomorrow morning.明天早上学生们将在校门口集合。 collect 则指精心地、有选择地进行收集并加以整理、收藏。例:Collecting stamps is my favorite. 集邮是我的爱好。5) 聚焦语法主语和谓语一致一 主语主语是一个句子的主体,是句子叙述的主体。主语的位置一般放在句首。可用做主语的必须是具有名词性的单词、短语、句子,常见的有:名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词(或分词) 、不定式、动名词、从句以及直接引用的句子。主语在应用的过程中更多的体现在主谓一致方面。下面我们通过主谓一致的复习来复习主语的用
36、法。二 主谓一致主谓一致主要是指主语与谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致,主要有语法形式上一致,意义上一致和就近原则三种情况。1. 语法形式上一致主语为单数形式,谓语动词用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词也用复数形式。当名词词组中心词为表示度量、尽力、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时,往往把它们看作是一个整体,谓语用单数形式。如果主语由 more than one或 many a构成,尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式,强调个别。但是“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构之后,谓语动词一般多用复数形式。例:Three years is not enough for th
37、e experiment.More than one student has seen the film.More members than one are against your plan.2. 意义上一致(1) 主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。常见的这类词有:8people,police,cattle,militia (民兵)等。(2) 主语形式为复数,而意义上却是单数,谓语动词用单数,常见的这类词有:news ,works (工厂)和一些以 ics 或 s 结为的学科名称 physics,politics,economics,maths 等。例:The police a
38、re searching for the lost boy.A chemical works is being built in our hometown.3. 就近原则即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的单词。如用连 or,eithernor,neitheror ,not onlybut also 等连接的并列主语,如果一个是单数,一个是复数,谓语动词与靠近它的主语保持一致。例:Either your students or Mr. Wang knows this.Is either he or you to go?4. 主谓一致应用中须注意的几个问题(1) 集体名称作主语集体名称如 fa
39、mily,team 等做主语时,如果作为一个整体看待,谓语动词用单数形式;如果就其中一个个成员而言,谓语动词用复数形式。这类名词有:audience,class,club,committee,company,crew, crowd,enemy,government,group,party ,public,team 等。 population 也类似,前面如有分数、百分数修饰时,谓语动词用复数形式。例:His family is very large.The whole family are watching TV.(2) 单、复数同形的名称作主语单、复数同形的名称作主语时,谓语动词应根据意义决
40、定单、复数形式。这类名词有:sheep,deer,fish,means(方法) ,works(工厂) ,species(种类) ,Chinese ,Japanese及学科名称等。例:A sheep is over there.Some sheep are over there.(3) 并列名词做主语 用 and 或 bothand 连接并列主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。但是,并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一个事物、同一概念或成套使用的物品时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时 and后面的名词没有冠词。例:Plastics and rubber never rot.The girls teacher a
41、nd friend is a young doctor.A knife and fork is on the table.注意:each,every,no,many a 所修饰的名词即使以 and 或逗号连接成多主语时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。例:Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future.No good news and no bad news is good news. 当主语后面跟有 as well as,as much as,no less than,along with,with,like,rather than
42、,together with,but , except,besides,including,in addition to 等引导的状语词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例:The teacher as well as the students was excited.(4) 两个部分构成的名词一些表示衣物或工具的由两个部分构成的名词做主语时,谓语通常用复数形式。但如果主语用“a kind of,a pair of,a series of 等 + 名词”构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用的这些名词有 glasses,clothes ,trousers,shoes,compass
43、es,chopsticks ,scissors 等。9例:Toms trousers are old, so a pair of new ones is needed.注意:a / this / that kind of做主语时,其谓语动词用单数形式;these / those / all kinds of和 men of this kind of做主语时,其谓语用复数形式。例:This kind of men is dangerous.Men of this kind are dangerous.(5) 代词做主语 不定代词 any,either,neither 单独作主语时,谓语通常用复数
44、。但后接 of 时,若 of 的宾语为不可数名词,动词用单数形式,若 of 的宾语为复数名词或代词时,谓语可以用单数或复数。在正式文体中,多用单数形式。例:Either is OK.Either of the two days is / are OK. all,some,more ,most,half,rest 等单独作主语时,视其在文中所指的意义,谓语可用单数或复数形式。如果后接“of + 名词短语”时,谓语与 of 后名词的数保持一致。但是 none of 后接不可数名词做主语时,谓语用单数;如果后接可数名词复数、代词或单数集合名词做主语时,谓语用单数或复数均可。例:All of my c
45、lassmates work hard.All of the water is gone.None of them has (have) seen the film.(6) 分词、量词做主语“分数或百分数名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,a large quantity of,a heap of,half of + 名词”构成的短语做主语时,其谓语动词要与动词中 of 后面的名词的数保持一致。例:About three-fourths of the earths surface is covered with water.Lots of the wo
46、rks here are women.注意: 1. “a number of + 名词复数”做主语时,其谓语用复数或单数,但是“the number of + 名词”的中心却是 number,其谓语用单数。2. a great deal of,a large amount of 修饰不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。3. (large) quantities of 后接可数或不可数名词短语作主语, large amounts of 修饰不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数。4. 表示数量的 one and a half 后,名词要用复数形式,但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。(7
47、) 名词化的形容词做主语“the + 形容词(或过去分词) ”结构,如 the poor,the wounded 做主语时,如表示一类人或事物时,谓语通常用复数;如表示个体时(相当于在形容词或分词后加一个单数名词) ,谓语通常用单数。例:The wounded are being taken good care of in the hospital.Two women fought against each other and the wounded (one) was taken to hospital at once.(8) 动名词、不定式及从句做主语 动名词、不定式即从句作主语时,谓语通
48、常用单数,且常可用 it 形式主语结构;但是由what 引导的主语从句,如所指的具体内容是复数意义时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。但由两个或两个以上的动名词、不定式即从句做主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。例:When and where to hold the meeting isnt decided yet.10What we need is more time.What we need are doctors.Listening, speaking, reading and writing are four basic skills. 在“one of + 名词复数 + who / that / which”定语从句结构中,从句中的谓语应用复数。但当 one 前有 the(only / very)等修饰时,从句的谓语应用单数。例如:This is one of the mist interesting ques