1、- 1 -Organs of speechUpper/lower teethUpper/lower lipAlveolar ridge Soft palateHard palateMouth cavityPharynx cavityNasal cavityVocal cordsPronunciation: The Vowels of EnglishFront vowelsThere are four front vowels: /i:/, /i/, /e/ and / /. For all of them the tip of the tongue is pressed against the
2、 lower teeth. The front part of the tongue is raised at varying degrees. There is no lip-rounding; lips are spread or kept neutral./i:/ The front of the tongue nearly touches the front part of the hard palate, and the muscles of the tongue and cheeks are tense. The lips are drawn back in a “smile” a
3、nd a long voiced sound is produced. Cheese. Freeze!credit fair-weather friend/i/ The general position of the tongue resembles that of /i:/, but the front of the tongue is lower and drawn back a little. The lips are loosely spread and the - 2 -tongue is lax. Jesus. Oops, Original sin /e/ The lips are
4、 more loosely spread and slightly further apart than for /i/. The front of the tongue is near the upper teeth ridge. I miss you. Impressive. Six sex sat forget it. Forget-me-not. / / The front of the tongue is slightly raised. The whole tongue lies low in the mouth. The lips are spread with the wide
5、st opening between the jaws among the front vowels. Central vowelsThere are three central vowels: /, /:/ and /. For all of them the tip of the tongue touches the base of the lower teeth or the teeth ridge. The tongue is flat in the mouth. The lips are spread or neutral with no lip-rounding. / The ce
6、ntre of the tongue is raised with the tongue resting in a relaxed fashion in the bottom of the mouth. The lips are spread in the shape of a rectangular.Damn it! Goddamn it! Jesus. Sweetheart. Dump alien quotes my gosh. Ouch. (Wh)oops! I did it again! /:/ The centre of the tongue is raised with consi
7、derable tongue tension. The opening between the jaws is narrow./ This is somewhat like /:/ but shorter and more relaxed. Microwave oven macro- maximum minimum Back vowelsThere are five back vowels: /a:/, / /, / :/, /u/ and /u:/. For all of them the lip of the tongue is withdrawn towards the soft pal
8、ate. Lip-rounding plays an important part in producing all the back vowels except for /a:/. /u:/ The back of the tongue is raised the highest. This sound is the most tense and most lip-rounded of the back vowels./u/ This sound is produced with the tongue in a relaxed position. The lips are loosely r
9、ounded. Long distance cannot separate bosom friend. / :/ This sound has a low, mid-back tongue position; the lips are tense and protruded. Bizarre, weird, / / This sound is made with wide open jaws and slight open lip-rounding, the - 3 -back of the tongue is kept very low and far back.Could have don
10、e/a:/ The tongue is held very low. The mouth is opened wide with no lip-rounding. The sound is like the exclamation “Ah!”Bachelor extracurricular activities rooster null sounds strange/odd/weird/queer/bizarre/quaint/eccentric nil Acupuncture inspiring thought-provoking transient masculine feminine L
11、ong distance cannot separate a bosom friend. A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near. 海内存知己, 天涯若比邻It is a great pleasure to have friends coming from afar. From Analects of Confucius Quarantine isolate segregate confirmed case fatal brainstorm The consonants of English Nasal consonantsAll the
12、three nasal consonants /m/, /n/ and / are formed by closing the mouth passage at some point. The soft palate is lowered at the same time, so that the air passes through the nose, making a voiced sound. /m/ The mouth is blocked by closing the two lips./n/ The mouth is blocked by pressing the lip of t
13、he tongue against the upper teeth ridge. / The mouth is blocked by the back of the tongue pressed against the soft palate. Lateral consonant (舌边音)/l/ This sound is so called because it is formed laterally (that is, at the sides of the tongue). Place the tip of the tongue on the upper teeth ridge, an
14、d let the voiced breath come over the relaxed sides of the tongue.In English there are two types of /l/ sound: the clear /l/ and the dark /l/. They differ from each other in the position of the rest of the tongue. When /l/ occurs before a vowel, the front of the tongue is raised towards the hard pal
15、ate; when it occurs before a consonant or in a final position, the front of the tongue is slightly hollowed, and the back is raised towards the soft palate. The former is called “clear I”, and the latter, “dark I”. Glides (滑音)/j/ and /w/ are called glides because each of these consists of a quick an
16、d smooth glide towards a following vowel sound. They are also called semi-vowels. - 4 -/j/ The front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate and the breath is forced out with voice. /w/ The lips are rounded and pushed forward, and then blow out with a voiced sound. DiphthongsA diphthong is a
17、 glide from one vowel to another. It is pronounced as one syllable. The loudness becomes less as the glide goes on, so the second element of the diphthong is only lightly sounded.The diphthongs of English are in three groups: those which end in /i/, those which end in /u/, and those which end in /./
18、ei/ A glide from /e/ in the direction of /i/. The lips are spread. The rain in Spain stays mainly on the plain. Every grain is from hard toil. Tell it as it is/ai/ A glide from a position near that for /a:/ in the direction of /i/. /oi/ A glide from /o:/ in the direction of /i/. Divided byDisgusting
19、 The consonants of English alumni; take oath; on behalf of; vandalism contact lens; blurry; witness; expel; snitch; crock of shit; intact; I have been around! Execute; Integrity path cradle of leadership Friction consonants (摩擦音)There are ten friction consonants in English. For all of them the lungs
20、 push air through a narrow opening where it causes friction of various kinds. /f, , s, , h/ are voiceless consonants while /v, , z, 3, r/ are voiced consonants. Awesome /f/ and /v/ Press the lower lip against the upper teeth allowing the air to force its way between them. Tulip carnation You dont ho
21、w much it means to me. Acting is everything to me. I am trapped. Jerk. Forget it. / and / / Put the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth allowing the air to pass between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth./s/ and /z/ Raise the tip of the tongue toward the upper teeth ridge (齿槽)
22、 with the air coming out of the narrow passage between them. Enthusiasm passion enthusiastic passional passionate zealous zigzag zip code resume maze labyrinth GRE (graduate record exam) asshole - 5 -Greg Focker Non-mainstream / and /3/ Push out the lips; raise the tip of the tongue toward the front
23、 part of the hard palate (硬颚) forming a narrow channel./h/ Open the mouth and sigh in a relaxed manner, without voice. Fragrance perfume scent aroma /r/ Put the tip of the tongue near, but not touching, the back part of the upper teeth ridges; the main body of the tongue is kept low and the front is
24、 held concave (凹的) allowing air to escape. Belly button reap huge fruits=get many benefits My journey is long and winding; I will keep on exploring far and wide.Stop consonants (爆破音)Stop consonants are made by stopping the breath completely at some point in the mouth, by the lips or tongue-tip or to
25、ngue-back. And then the air rushes out with a slight explosion. There are three pairs of stops: /p, t, k/ are voiceless and /b, d, g/ voiced. The differences in the position of the organs of speech for these stops are shown in the following figures. Sip champagne on a yacht peas and carrots pee doom
26、sday /p/ and /b/ The stop is made by two lips.Champaign state banquet save the dying and cure the wounded Be caught red-handed. /t/ and /d/ The stop is made by holding the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge./k/ and /g/ The stop is made by holding the back of the tongue against the soft palate
27、 (软颚). Affricate consonants (破擦音)An affricate consonant is a stop in which the articulating organs are separated more slowly than in the case of normal plosives. There is no noticeable explosion, but on the release of the stop a fricative consonant is heard. Among the three pairs of affricates /t, d
28、3/, /tr, dr/ and /ts, dz/, / t, ts/are voiceless. /t/ and /d3/ The stop is made by the front part of the tongue against the teeth ridge and then the air is slowly released, and it escapes over the surface of the tongue. /ts/ and /dz/ Place the main part of the tongue as for /s/ and bring the tip to
29、touch the teeth ridge; air is forced from the lungs and then the tongue is removed not too quickly from the teeth ridge. - 6 -/tr/ and /dr/ Place the main part of the tongue as for /r/ and bring the tip to touch the back part of the teeth ridge; air is forced from the lungs and then the tongue is re
30、moved not too quickly from the teeth ridge. 前元音i: i e 的发音1. i:的发音要领：舌尖抵下齿；口微开，双唇向两边伸开，呈扁平形；舌前部尽量向硬腭抬起；气流从口腔泄出，身带振动。Cheese 2. i的发音要领：舌尖抵下齿；唇形扁平，开口程度比 i:稍大，上下齿之间可容纳一个小指尖；舌前部向硬腭抬起，但比i:稍低；气流从口腔泄出，声带振动。3. e的发音要领：舌尖抵下齿；唇形扁平，开口程度比i 稍大，上下齿之间有可容纳一个食指尖；舌前部向硬腭抬起，但比i稍低；气流从口腔泄出，声带振动。4. 的发音要领：舌尖抵下齿；下颚下垂，双唇尽量向两边平展
31、，开口程度比e大，上下齿之 间可以容纳食指和中指两个指尖；舌前部抬起的程度比e 低；发音过程中喉头紧张；气流从口腔泄出，声带振动。爆破辅音p b t d k g 的发音1. pb的发音要领：双唇紧闭，然后突然张开，气流泄出口腔；p是清辅音；b是浊辅音。2. td的发音要领：舌尖紧抵上齿龈，形成阻碍；然后舌尖突然离开，气流泄出口腔；t是清辅音；d是浊辅音。3. kg的发音要领：舌后部抬起紧贴软腭，形成阻碍；然后舌后部突然离开，气流泄出口腔；k是清辅音；g是浊辅音。后元音a: o o: u u: 的发音1. a:的发音要领：舌身平放后缩，舌尖离开下齿背；舌后部稍抬起；口全开；气流从口腔泄出，声带振
32、动。2. o的发音要领：口张大，舌身尽量降低并后缩，舌后部抬起比a:稍高；双唇稍收圆，但不向前突出；气流从口腔泄出，声带振动；先发a:，然后将舌身稍向后缩，双唇稍收圆，但不向前突出，气流从口腔泄出，声带振动，也可发出o 。3. o:的发音要领：舌身尽量降低并后缩，舌后部抬起，但比o稍高；双唇收得比o更圆更小，并稍向前突出；气流从口腔泄出，声带振动。4. u的发音要领：舌身后缩，舌尖离开下齿背；舌后部抬得比o:稍高；双唇收圆并稍向前突出；气流从口腔泄出，声带振动。5. u:的发音要领：舌身后缩，舌尖离开下齿背；舌后部比u抬得更高；双唇比u收得更圆更小，并稍向前突出；气流从口腔泄出，声带振动。6.
33、 的发音要领：舌身后缩；舌后部靠前部分抬起；开口程度略小于 ，双- 7 -唇平展；气流泄出口腔，声带振动。先发o，然后将圆唇改为扁唇，亦可发出。摩擦辅音f v s z 的发音1. fv的发音要领：下唇轻触上齿；气流由唇齿间的缝隙中泄出，摩擦成音；f是清辅音，v是浊辅音。2. sz的发音要领：舌端抬起靠近上齿龈；气流从舌端和齿龈间泄出，摩擦成音；s是清辅音，z是浊辅音。中元音: 的发音1. :的发音要领：舌身平放，舌中部抬起；口微开，双唇呈扁平形，与发i:相似；气流从口腔泄出，声带振动。2. 的发音要领：舌身平放，舌中部抬起，但比发:略低；开口程度比:大，双唇呈扁平形；气流泄出口腔，声带振动。F
34、amous handsome 双元音ei ai au的发音1ei的发音要领：由e向i滑动；滑动过程中下颚上合，舌位随之稍抬高。2ai的发音要领：第一个成分a在英语国际音标中不单独出现，但它与a: 相似，发音时由a向i滑动；滑动过程中下颚上合，舌位随之稍抬高。3au 的发音要领：由a向u滑动；滑动过程中双唇逐渐收圆，舌后部稍抬起。鼻辅音m n 的发音1m 的发音要领：双唇闭合，软腭下垂，气流从鼻腔泄出；m是浊辅音。2n的发音要领：舌尖紧抵上齿龈，形成阻碍，软腭下垂，气流从鼻腔泄出；n是浊辅音。3的发音要领：的舌位和kg 相同；舌后部抬起抵住软腭，气流从鼻腔泄出；是浊辅音。Latitude 摩擦辅
35、音h r的发音1h的发音要领：口张开，气流不受阻碍，自由逸出口腔；在通过声门时产生轻微摩擦；h是清辅音。2r的发音要领：舌尖向上齿龈后部卷起，舌前部下陷，略呈凹形；双唇稍向前突出；气流从口腔泄出，声带振动。双元音ou oi i u 的发音1ou 的发音要领：o 在英语国际音标中不单独出现，它与 相似，但须圆唇；由o向u滑动；滑动过程中，双唇收得更圆更小。2oi的发音要领：第一个成分o的口形比单元音o小；由o向i滑动；滑动过程中，口形由圆唇变为扁唇。3i的发音要领：由i向滑动；滑动过程中，开口程度稍加大。4u的发音要领：由u向 滑动；滑动过程中口形由圆唇变为扁唇。5 的发音要领：第一个成分在英语
36、国际音标中不单独出现。它的发音介- 8 -于e与之间。由向 滑动；滑动过程中，开口程度稍稍收小。摩擦辅音 3 的发音1 的发音要领：舌尖轻触上齿背；气流从舌齿间的窄缝中泄出，摩擦成音；是清辅音，是浊辅音。2 3的发音要领：舌尖和舌端向上齿龈后部抬起，舌身靠近硬腭，形成一条狭窄的通道，气流由此泄出口腔，摩擦成音；双唇稍向前突出，并略成方形；是清辅音，3 是浊辅音。破擦辅音t d3 ts dz tr dr 的发音1td3的发音要领：舌尖和舌端抬起，贴住上齿龈后部，形成阻碍；双唇稍向前突出，并略成方形；气流冲破这个阻碍后通过舌和齿龈间的窄缝，摩擦成音；t 是清辅音，d3是浊辅音。2tsdz的发音要领
37、：舌尖抵住上齿龈，形成阻碍；舌尖略下降，气流泄出口腔；ts是清辅音，dz 是浊辅音。3trdr 的发音要领：舌尖抵住上齿龈后部，形成阻碍；舌身取发r的姿式；气流冲破阻碍，发出短促的t或d后立即发r；tr 是清辅音，dr 是浊辅音。舌侧音l的发音1清晰l的发音要领：舌端紧贴上齿龈，舌前部向硬腭抬起；气流从舌的一侧或两侧泄出口腔；l是浊辅音。2含糊l的发音要领：舌端紧贴上齿龈后部，舌前部下陷；气流从舌的一侧或两侧泄出口腔；l是浊辅音。滑音wj 的发音1w的发音要领：舌后部向软腭抬起；双唇收得很圆很小，并稍向前突出；气流从口腔泄出，声带振动；一经发出，立即向后面的元音滑动。2j的发音要领：舌前部尽量向硬腭抬起；双唇平展，口微开，气流泄出口腔可有轻微摩擦，声带振动。一经发出，立即向后面的元音滑动。
