1、http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 干旱半干旱生态农牧业发展展望一、概述A, an overview of the 在我国,干旱半干旱区是指那些降雨量小、气温高、蒸发量大、土壤及大气水分极不平衡的地区。从地理位置上看,我国西北地区就属于这种情况。该地区处于中纬度西风带,属常温气候,年降雨量不足 200mm,干燥度大于 3.50;东起大兴安岭,西至国境线, 连绵 400 多公理,横跨 50 个经度,总面积相当于英国国土的 12 倍。这些地区的农牧业发展状况直接与其地理位置、气候、环境相关,解决了该区的农牧业发展问题,也就等于局部解决了干旱半干旱地区的发展问题。In our c
2、ountry, arid and half arid areas are those small rainfall, high temperature, evaporation, soil and atmospheric water is highly uneven areas. Look from the geographical location, is this kind of situation in northwestern China. The region in the mid-latitude westerlies, cold climate, less than 200 mm
3、 annual rainfall, dry degree greater than 3.50; East the greater hinggan mountains, west to the border, sweeping 400 axioms, spanning 50 longitude, 12 times total area corresponds to the British state. Farming and animal husbandry development in these areas directly related to its geographical posit
4、ion, climate, environment, solve the problem of agriculture development in http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ this region, is also partial solved the development problem in arid and semi-arid area. 干旱半干旱地区虽属“非灌不植“ 地区,但它也是一块富饶的土地, 遍布其间的山脉和大多数季节性河流使得该区域具有独特的地貌特征及生物气候特征,物产也独具特色。由于该区昼夜温差大,光照时间长而且充足,所以其植物光合产物量大
5、, 夜间物质消耗少, 农产品不但产量高而且质量好,口感好,瓜甜果香。只要有灌溉, 该区就是一个物产丰美的地方,比如内蒙古河套地区因有灌溉而成为我国重要的商品粮基地和瓜果生产盛地。Arid and semi-arid area is belong to “non irrigation not rooted“ areas, but it is also a piece of fertile land, dotted mountains and most seasonal rivers makes the region has a unique topographical features and
6、biological climate characteristics, the product also has distinguishing feature alone. Due to the big temperature gap between day and night, and lighting time is long enough, so its plant photosynthesis production quantity is big, the night less material consumption, and agricultural products not on
7、ly high yield and good quality, good taste, sweet melon fruit. As long as there is irrigation, the area is the place where a product made, such as Inner Mongolia hetao region with irrigation and become Chinas important commodity grain base and melon and fruit production of kilometers. http:/ http:/
8、http:/ http:/ 干旱半干旱地区干旱少雨,空气干燥,降水稀少, 蒸发量大,除少数灌区外,几乎年年都发生不同程度的干旱。水资源成为该区农牧业发展的制约因素,再加上灌溉技术落后和管理水平滞后,使得该区农牧业得不到大规模的发展。要想发展该区的农牧业,必须实施干旱半干旱集水农业生态工程技术。Arid and semi-arid region, the lack of rain, the air is dry, rainfall, evaporation, except a few irrigation areas, almost every year has different degree
9、s of drought. Water resources has become the restriction factor in the development of farming and animal husbandry, coupled with the backward irrigation technology and management level lag, can not the development of large-scale farming and animal husbandry in the area. To development of agriculture
10、 in this region, must implement arid and semi-arid catchment agriculture ecological engineering technology. 二、集水农业技术的概念Second, the concept of catchment agriculture technology 集水农业技术是中国古老旱地农业发展的新阶段,是人类水文化发展的新时期,它既是对古老传统的继承,又是一种新概念新构思。因此,它不是一项单一技术就能实现的, 而是复杂的技术体系,它包括天然降水富集工程技术、集水背景下的农艺工程技术、现代农村社会和农业的管
11、理工程技术。http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ Catchment agriculture technology is the development of Chinese ancient dryland agriculture in the new stage, water is the human culture development in the new period, it is not only inherited the ancient tradition, new idea and a new concept. Therefore, it is not a
12、single technology can achieve, but a complex technical system, it includes the natural rainfall enrichment of engineering technology, collection of water under the background of agricultural engineering technology, modern rural society and the management of agricultural engineering technology. 集水农业技
13、术是自然-社会- 经济复合生态系统各要素间协同发展的综合技术体系,应当说相对复杂。它们一环扣一环,环环紧扣,一环脱扣,全盘皆输。因此,要发展集水型生态农业,必须从自然、社会、经济各方面组织安排好人力、物力、财力,让这个系统各要素都发挥其最大效益。用通俗简单的话将集水农业技术概括如下三步:第一步拿到水;第二步把水高效地变成农产品;第三步,把农产品变成财富,进而推动社会经济的发展。Catchment agriculture technology is the elements of nature - social - economic compound ecological system coor
14、dinated development between the integrated technical system, should say is relatively complex. They a ring by ring, manufacturing.through, a ring http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ of tripping, lost. Therefore, to develop ecological agricultural catchment type, must be from all the aspects of nature, socie
15、ty, economy, organization and arrange manpower and material resources, financial resources, and let the elements of the system play its greatest benefits. The catchment agriculture technology with popular simple words sum up the following three steps: the first step to get water; The second step is
16、to become agricultural water efficiently; The third step, agricultural products into wealth, and then promote the development of social economy. 图示体现了干旱半干旱地区农牧业工程综合技术体系,我们除了应按此图示安排各系统外, 更应重视这些技术及社会系统各要素间的组合。不同的组合应适应农村牧区的不同发展阶段,如可以组合成温饱型体系,再而进入小康型,最后进入致富型的技术体系。无论现在处于那个阶段,切记要注意立足长远,研究使用或引入最先进技术,尽可能地避免
17、重复投资。Icon embodies the arid and semi-arid region farming and animal husbandry comprehensive technical system engineering, we besides should press this icon arrangement of each system, more should pay attention to the technology and the combination of the elements of social system. Different combinat
18、ions of rural pastoral areas should be adapted to different development stages, such as can be combined http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ into a system of subsistence, again into the well, the last into ZhiFuXing technology system. No matter what phase are you in now, remember to pay attention to long ter
19、m, the use or introduce the most advanced technology, avoid repetition investment as much as possible. 三、集水工程建设技术3, water engineering construction technology (一)集水技术的发展及其意义(1) set of water technology development and its significance 集水主要是指收集、蓄集雨水。雨水利用是一门流传了几千年的古老实用技术, 它不但在许多干旱地区和国家如以色列、土尔其以及亚、非、澳、美等
20、地广泛使用,经久不衰, 而且在一些多雨的国家如新加坡、印尼、泰国、菲律滨和欧洲一些地区迅速发发展。在当前国际国内形势的推动下,在水资源日益缺乏、水污染日益加重的情况下,集水技术及集水设施应当迅速产业化、工业化。Set water mainly refers to the collection, collection of rainwater storage. Rainwater utilization is a spread for thousands of years of ancient practical technology, it not only in many arid regi
21、ons and countries such as Israel and Turkey as well as Asia, Africa, Australia, http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ America, etc widely used, enduring, and in some wet countries such as Singapore, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippine law marina and the European rapid development in some regions. Under the curren
22、t international domestic situation, the growing shortage of water resources, increasing water pollution cases, water technology and water collection facilities shall be rapid industrialization, industrialization. 集水农业的第一步是集水,集水的第一步是集水面的构筑。Set water agriculture is the first step set water, water coll
23、ection of the first step is to set the surface building. 我们知道,农牧业尤其是农业是一个耗水极大的产业,据一些资料统计,农业用水占全年用水的 90%。用水量大 ,集水量也应相应增大 ,也就是说要将那些非用水面积上的雨水全部收蓄集起来。这是一项巨大的工程,它需要人工修筑集水面,包括收蓄集径流、洪水、季节性河流的流水等。这是集水工程技术体系中最难处理、投资最大的工程,它涉及的硬化材料及工艺、集水面的低投高效还是一个没有优选技术方案的难题,干旱半干旱地区的科研机构和个人要面对这一现实,注意这方面的研发。As we know, farming
24、and animal husbandry, especially agricultural water consumption is a huge industry, according to some statistics, http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ agricultural water accounted for 90% of the water. Water consumption is big, set water should also increases accordingly, that is to say to those not closed s
25、torage set up all the rain water area. This is a huge project, it needs artificial building sets, including the charge accumulation of runoff, flood, seasonal rivers of water, etc. This is the hardest to deal with water engineering system, the investments largest engineering, it involves the hardeni
26、ng of the material and surface technology, sets a low efficient or a no optimization problem of technology solutions, research institutions and individuals in the arid and semi-arid regions in the face of this reality, pay attention to this aspect of the research and development. (二)发展集水技术的原则(2) the
27、 development of the principle of water-harvesting techniques 农业集雨节灌工程是干旱半干旱地区农牧业发展的方向,要想使这一措施发挥其强大的作用力,让其产生巨大的生产效益,我们还应遵循如下几条原则。Rainwater harvesting agriculture JieGuan project is arid and semi-arid area of farming and animal husbandry development direction, to http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ make the m
28、easures play a powerful force, let it have a huge production efficiency, we also should follow several principles are as follows. 1、坚持将集水节灌工程同解决农村贫困人口温饱问题和小康社会建设相结合, 应统筹考虑 ,优先帮扶那些尚未解决温饱及已经解决温饱但仍不稳定的农户,实施集雨节灌工程。1, insists on a catchment JieGuan engineering to solve the problem of rural poverty popula
29、tion, clothing and combination of construction of well-off society should be considered as a whole, give priority to helping those who has not been adequate food and clothing and have adequate food and clothing but still unstable farmers, implementation of rainwater harvesting JieGuan project. 2、 要坚
30、持将集水节灌工程建设同控制水土流失、小流域综合治理以及“两高一优“ 农业开发相结合。2, insist on the catchment JieGuan with control engineering construction, small watershed comprehensive control of soil erosion and “of“ two high optimal combination of agricultural development. http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 3、要坚持因地制宜, 分类设点 ,先搞好试验示范,以示范点为依托,依靠
31、政府各级职能部门、农技推广部门和科研部门的协作力量,总结出适合于不同类型地区的一整套集水农业工程技术体系及其实施规范,然后逐步向周围地区辐射推广。要严防一哄而上, 一上而散的急躁做法。3, to adjust measures to local conditions, classification, first to do a good job in experiment and demonstration, which is based on pilot studies, rely on the government functional departments, agricultural
32、technology departments and scientific research departments at various levels of collaboration, summarized suitable for different types of areas of a complete set of catchment agriculture engineering system and its implementation specification, and then gradually to radiation to the surrounding area.
33、 Should keep rush, on an impatience. 4、要坚持数量与质量建设并重的原则,强调质量第一,严格质量标准,切实搞好技术的社会化服务,力求建一处,成一处, 见效一处 ,把广大农民群众办水力的热情引导好、保护好。4, to adhere to the principle of paying equal attention to both quantity and quality of construction, emphasis on quality first, strict quality standards, conscientiously do a good
34、 job in technology socialization service, strive to build a place, a place, work, make the broad masses of peasants, protect the enthusiasm of the hydraulic http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ guide well. 5、在推进策略上, 要坚持先易后难的原则 ,即先从降雨量较多、集水条件较好的半湿润易旱地区开始,逐步向降雨量较少、集雨条件较差的半干旱地区以及干旱地区推进。5, on advancing the strat
35、egy, to adhere to the principle of easy after the first difficult, the more rainfall from the first, catchment condition good semi-humid drought area, gradually to less rainfall and rainwater harvesting conditions poor semi-arid areas and arid regions. 6、 要坚持先利用公路路面发展集雨节灌, 后安排其他集流方式;先安排群众积极性较高、梯田建设搞
36、得好的地方,后安排梯田不配套的地方。6, should adhere to the first use of developing rainwater-collecting JieGuan highway pavement, after arrange other collector; First arranged mass enthusiasm high, terracing do good place, after arrange terraced fields dont match. (三)集水设施建设(3) sets of water infrastructure http:/ htt
37、p:/ http:/ http:/ 经济富集、稳定蓄存、高效利用是集水农业的技术核心。干旱半干旱地区降水集中,来势猛又流量大,所以储水设施要有大的容量,而且一定要作好防漏工作。干旱半干旱地区普遍处于北温带,夏季日照强度大,日照时间长,蒸发量大,因此各种露天储水设施一定要作好顶盖。防止蒸发也是个亟待研发的项目。目前在生产上多用的储水设施主要有:Accumulation and enrichment, stable economic efficient utilization is the core of catchment agriculture technology. Arid and sem
38、i-arid area rainfall concentrated, with fierce and large flow, so to have large capacity storage facilities, and must be leak proof. Arid and semi-arid area generally is in the north temperate zone, the summer sunshine intensity big, long sunshine time, evaporative capacity is large, so all kinds of
39、 outdoor storage facilities must be prepared. Prevent evaporation is a urgent need of research and development projects. Now on the use of water in the production facilities are: 1、水窖, 它适用于黄土地区, 可储水 30-50m3;1, the cellar, it is suitable for the loess area, 30-50 m3 water storage; 2、水窑, 适合于石质山地和古黄土复蓄
40、地区, 可储水 100-500m3;http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 2, water kiln, suited to the Rocky Mountains and the ancient loess after storage area, storage in 100-500 m3; 3、涝池, 洪水在低地富集, 可建成较小的型水库;3, LaoChi, flooding in the lowlands of enrichment, can be built smaller reservoirs; 4、微型水库, 利用季节性河流或洪水来量大、来势猛的特点修筑的较大储水
41、池, 一般几千到上万立米的储水量;4, miniature reservoir, using seasonal rivers or flood volume, with fierce the characteristics of the construction of large tank, typically thousands to tens of thousands of LiMi water content; 5、土壤水库, 它是在土层深厚的黄土高原上发展起来的,其技术原理是利用黄土丘陵缓坡, 修造邻体集水面和受水面,集水面的径流叠加在受水面上,存蓄于土壤水库中,造成局部土壤水分优势,
42、保证作物生长发育的需要。5, soil reservoir, it is developed in deep soil layer on the loess plateau, its technical principle is the use of the loess hills gentle slope, http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ the building adjacent to the body surface and the water, set the surface runoff superimposed on the surface of the w
43、ater, in soil reservoir, its subsistence caused local advantage of soil moisture, ensure that the needs of crop growth and development. (四)特殊环境下的集水方式(4) under the special environment of the catchment 由于干旱半干旱区土壤多属退化草原土壤或荒漠土壤地区,所以来水一般都含沙量大,该区的若想利用集水,需经过分流、沉沙、再蓄存的过程。这些过程一般使用如下三种方法:一是利用自然落差;二是利用虹吸原理;三是用
44、潜水泵将蓄水提高水位, 再利用第一、第二种方法。Because arid half arid soil is much degraded grassland soil or a desert soil areas, so water sediment concentration generally big, if you want to use water in the area, take a diversion and desilting and accumulation process. These processes are generally USES the following t
45、hree ways: one is to use natural gap; Secondly, by using siphon principle; Three is to increase water use submersible pump to water, reuse the first and the second method. http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ 大田集水主要是蓄水和节水灌溉相结合的方法,利用土壤水库和微生环境逐步提高大田的灌溉率,但这一方法也是限制干旱半干旱地区农业发展的关键。由于这种限制,干旱半干旱地区在集水农业的背景下,用水的基本原则就是
46、让这种蓄水发挥其最大的生产效益。中西部干旱半干旱地区降水大多集中在三个月左右,集中降水前后的气温和土温都有相当一段时间很适合植物生长,为了充分利用这段时间的光热资源,我们就应充分利用集水来灌溉,在此基础上,我们还应大力提倡生态农业和有机农业。Field water main is the combination of water and water saving irrigation methods, using soil reservoir microscopic environment and gradually increase the least irrigated field, but this method is also a key to restrict agricultural development in arid and semi-arid. Due to this limitation, in
