1、Clauses,Noun clauses Attributive clauses Adverbial clauses,Noun clauses (1),从属连词：that, whether, if 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever 等 连接副词：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever等。,Noun clauses (2),主语从句 1. That引导的主从：That you dont like him is none of my bus
2、iness. 2. 形式主语it代替主从：It is known that you are lazy. 3. Whether 引导主从：Whether we can arrive there on time depends on the weather. 4. Wh-词引导主从：Where we can look up his address is still not decided.,Noun clauses (3),宾语从句 1. That引导的宾从 2. If/whether引导的宾从: I dont know if you like me or hate me. 3. wh- 类词引导
3、的宾从 4. 介词后的宾从：I am always thinking about how I can make my lessons less boring. 5. 形容词后的宾从：Im sorry that I am unable to help you more.,Noun clauses (4),表语从句 1. That 类表从： The trouble is that we never have enough time. 2. Whether 类表从：The question is whether her parents will agree with her. 3. wh-类表从(连
4、接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever等和连接副词where, when, how, why, wherever, whenever等)： The problem is who we can get to help us.) 4. As/as though/as if类表从：It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. 5. Because 类表从：It was because he didnt know her.,Noun clauses (5),同位语从
5、句 先行词：belief, doubt, explanation, hope, idea, news, opinion, possibility, wish, truth, fact, question, problem, suggestion, advice, order, fear, warning等。 1. That 引导的同位语从句：Give me your promise that you will read your notes. 2. Wh-类词引导的同位语从句：The question who should replace her requires careful consid
6、eration.,Attributive clauses (1),限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句： She never eats salted food which is not good for the body. 用非限制性定从的某些特定情况 1. 关系代词指代整个主句：The boy didnt pass the exam, which disappointed his parents. 2. 先行词是独一无二的东西或专有名词：The sun, which gives a great deal of heat, is an ideal source of energy. 3. 先行词是
7、某人唯一的亲属：I have an elder brother, who graduated from Peking University. 4. some/many/few/a few/little/most/half of等结构：Theres too much info. on the Internet, some of which is unreliable.,Attributive clauses (2),用that不用which的情况： 1. 先行词是不定代词all, little, few, much, something, anything, everything, nothin
8、g, none, some等。 2. 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the right, the last, few等修饰。 3. 先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰：The first thing that we should do is to find a hotel to take a break. 4. 先行词既有人又有物: Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we learnt yesterd
9、ay? 5. 主句是who或which开头的特殊疑问句: Who is the guy that came to see you yesterday? Which is the dress that fits me most?,Attributive clauses (3),用 which不用that的情况： 1. 关系代词前有介词且指事物时 2. 非限制性定从中 3. 先行词本身是that：Whats that which is flashing in the sky? 4. 先行词后有插入语: This is the grammar book which, as I told you, w
10、ill help you a lot.,Attributive clauses (4),用who不用that的情况 先行词是one, ones, anyone等指人的不定代词：The ones who flatter me dont please me. 先行词为指人的those 先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定从中：Prof. Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English. There be 开头的句子：There are many young men who support Obama.
11、,Attributive clauses (5),定从与同位语从句的区别 1. 先行词不同。同位从句的先行词常是具有具体信息或内涵的名词，如idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal等，定从的先行词是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。 2. 从句的性质不同。同位从句属名词性从句，定从属形容词性从句。,Adverbial clauses(1),时间状从 1. Once引导：Once you begin, you must go on. 2. 名词短语引导(the moment, the minute, the instant, th
12、e time, the hour, the day, by the time, each time, every time, anytime, next time 等)：The moment she saw him, she knew she would not marry anyone else. 3. immediately, instantly, directly引导：Directly the teacher came in, everyone was quiet.,Adverbial clauses(2),地点状从: anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, whe
13、rever 原因状从： Now that, seeing that, for the reason that, in that, considering that引导: I like the city, but I prefer the country in that theres fresher air. 目的状从: In order that, so that引导For fear that, lest, in case引导：She works hard for fear that she should lag behind others.,Adverbial clauses(3),结果状从
14、(so, so that, sothat, such that, suchthat, that): It was such nice weather that we went for a walk. 条件状从 1. On condition that 引导：Ron lent me the money on condition that I pay it back next month. 2. Supposing/provided/providing/given (that)引导： you promise not to tell anyone, Ill tell you the secret.,
15、Adverbial clauses(4),让步状从 1. Even though/even if引导：Even if he is poor, she will love him. 2. As/though引导：Much as he loves his daughter, he is strict with her. 3. Whetheror/whether() or not引导：Whether you believe it or not, its true. 4. While 引导：While I understand what you said, I disagree with you. 5
16、. Wh-ever类词引导(=no matter wh-)：Whatever you say, I wont believe you.,Adverbial clauses(5),比较状从(asas, not as/soas, than, the, the): She is as good tempered as her mother (is). 方式状从 1. As if/as though 引导：I remember the whole thing it happened yesterday. 2. as, (just) asso引导: (Just) as water is to fish,
17、 so air is to man. 3. The way 引导：Just do it the way I did it.,Reading assignment,Read your notes at least THREE times. Get ready to be tested next week. No yy reading.,Practice,Translate the following sentence:1.不管你在不在乎我，我是爱你的。2.你所做的一切都是白搭。3.我们面临的首要问题是能不能把基础英语学好。（要求用表语从句）,Agreement (1),主谓一致 1. 意义一致原
18、则 1) 主语后接as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than, no less than, rather than, with, together with等构成的短语时，谓动单复数由主语单复数决定: The teacher, together with his students, is having a heated discussion. 2) 表时间、金钱、距离、体积、重量、面积、数字等的词语作主语时，若指总量应看作单数，谓动也用单数，否则用复数：Four weeks are o
19、ften regarded as one month. Twenty years is a long period of time in ones life.,Agreement (2),3) the+adj.若指某人或概念，用单数；若指一类人用复数：The new is sure to replace the old. 4) And连接两个并列主语但意义上指同一人、物、概念时用单数：War and peace is a constant theme in history. 5) 集体名词作主语是情况而定,Agreement (3),2. 语法一致原则：语法形式一致 April showers
20、 bring My flowers. 3. 临近原则：人称和数与最近的主语一致 Mary or you are to blame for the fault. Neither your unkind words nor your hostile attitude has caused me any distress. Not only he but also his sisters are keen on concerts.,Agreement (4),4. 主谓一致的其他情况： 1) 单独的不定式、动名词、从句作主语应看作单数：To live is to suffer. 2) 不定代词one
21、, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a +n 等作主语用单数：Many a student lives off campus. 3) 表国家、机构、事件、作品等的专有名词作主语用单数： The United States is the only superpower.,Agreement (5),4) A portion of, a series of, a kind of, the number of 等+n作
22、主语用单数A substantial portion of the reports is missing. 5) 由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等修饰的名词作主语或这些词本身作主语，谓动用复数。 6) And 连接两个名词表同一人一物时用单数Bread and butter is delicious. 7) A lot of, most of, any of, half of, three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of, all of接不可数名词
23、或单数名词谓动用单数，接复数可数名词用复数,Agreement (6),8) 成对的物品工具(pants, trousers, glasses, scissors等)用复数,但如有a set of, a pair of等修饰时用单数 9) A quantity of, (large) quantities of作主语或其修饰的名词作主语，谓动根据quantity的单复数确定Large quantities of money are needed to equip the laboratory. 10) More than one+单数名词谓动用单数，但more+复数名词 + than one谓
24、动复数More than one person was injured in the accident.More students than one were invited to perform at the party.,Agreement (7),名词和代词的一致： Everyone has his own way to do things. 表时间、条件、伴随等的分词逻辑主语与主句主语的一致：Hearing the bad news, she burst into tears. 并列结构中成分的一致：That climate of Beijing is different from t
25、hat of Shanghai. 倒装句中的主谓一致：In front of the house is a tree. There be句型中的主谓一致（就近原则）：There is a lake and some hills in the area.,Inversion (1),部分倒装 1. 疑问句中的部分倒装 2. Only修饰状语时： Only in your own heart can you find true peace. 3. 表否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时(not, little, hardly, never, no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelyw
26、hen, not onlybut also, at no time, by no means, on no condition, in no case, in no even, nowhere, seldom 等：Never shall I do the same thing again.,Inversion (2),4. 在含有had/were/should的虚拟条件句中：Should Mary call, tell her Ill be back in an hour. 5. sothat的so在句首时：So fast did he speak that I didnt understan
27、d a single word. 6. so/neither/nor在句首表语上面重复的内容时：You cant answer the question. Neither can me. 7. May 表祝愿 8. 以as/though引导的让步状从,Inversion (3),完全倒装 表时间、地点的副词放在句首时：Now comes your turn. In came a girl, wearing a red shirt and a white skirt. 表时间、地点、方向等的介词短语放在句首时: In front of the village runs a babbling br
28、ook. 分词短语位于句首：Running through the town is a clear creek. 表语+系动词+主语结构：Present at the meeting were experts on psychology.,Reading assignment,Read ALL your notes at least THREE times. Get ready to answer questions next week. No yy reading.,Practice,Translate the following sentence:1.一万美元对一个穷学生来说是一个不小的数目。2.他写字太潦草了以至于老师看不懂他的作业。（要求用so开头）3.山上有一座庙和几个小和尚。,
