1、*1*语法复习专题 非谓语动词概念：在句中不充当谓语角色的动词形式，它的划分有两种标准（一）：不定式；分词（过去分词与现在分词） ；动名词 （二）：不定式；v-ing.形式；过去分词.一、考点聚焦1、非谓语动词的句法功能2、动词不定式复习中应注意的几个问题（1）不定式作表语与“be + to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。His job is to guard.(说明内容)The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, it more difficult.A. not make B. not to ma
2、ke C. not making D. do not makeHaving a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _whether they will enjoy it.A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seenbe + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事，或必将发生的，或表示命令等口吻)翻译: 这项计划得提前三天完成.（2）带不定式作宾语的词语，构成 v.+ to do 形式。下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford、 promise、refuse、exp
3、ect、hope、learn、offer、wish 、want 、fail 、plan 、agree 、forget、like 、 prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine 、desire 等。We agreed here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D .to have metI dont know whether you happen , but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this Septem
4、ber . (2004 高考辽宁卷)Ato be heard B to be hearing Cto hear Dto have heard 下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式，构成 decide what to do ,wonder how to deal with sth.等形式：teach 、decide、wonder 、 show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss 等。示例:语 法 功 能 名称 形式 主语 宾语 宾语补足语 表语 定语 状语to do/to be done to be doing (经常) 不定式to have(been) d
5、one 动名词 doing doing 现在分词having(been) done (动作完成)过去分词 done 可代替having been done*2*1). Ive worked with children before , so I know what _in my new job.Aexpect ed Bto expect Cto be expecting Dexpects2). It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows_.A. it what to do with B. what t
6、o do it withC. what to do with it D. to do what with it3). The mother didn t know _to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.A. who B. when C. how D. what（3）如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。 动词 see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have 等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加 to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语
7、。Paul doesnt have to be made .He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning常用带 to 不定式作宾补的情况：主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like/advise/allow/cause/consider/ encourage/forbid/force/intend/order/permit/persuade/remind/request/require/urge/warn/ask/wish+sb.
8、to do. sth. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him . A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not toThe patient was warned oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eatingMy advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my w
9、riting skills.A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take 主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/consider + sb. + to be/to be doing/ to have done注意：不定式的一般式、进行式以及完成式做宾语补足语的区别，同时要 注意不定式被动语态的使用。Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to have
10、 invented B. inventing C. to invent D. having inventedRobert is said _abroad. but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study Cto be studying Dto have been studying主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.（4）不定式作定语的特殊用法。下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、 wis
11、h、 right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way 、the first、the second、 the last、the only 等。I have _(一个出国留学的机会)。He is _(第一个上学的)and _(最后一个离校的)不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。There is no one to look after her.不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系 。She is now looking for a room to live in.（5）不定式作状语的用法。*3*不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示目的、结果
12、、原因。only to do 表示出人意料的结果。To sleep well, I turned off the alarm clock.We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.in order(not)to,s o as(not)to 用来引导目的状语,enough to, so as to do, such + 名词 as to do 作结果状语，如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.Im not such a fool as to believe
13、that.You were silly not _ your car. (2004 高考湖南卷)A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having lockedHelen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. (2004 高考广西卷)A. making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D. to make herself heard（6）不定式的完成时的特殊用法。表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动
14、词发出的动作。The novel was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.seem、 appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported 等动词常用于上面句型。Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A. to have invented B. inventing C. to invent D. havi
15、ng inventedRobert is said _abroad. but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study Cto be studying Dto have been studying此外，glad 、happy 、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed 后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。Im sorry _ for a minute.对不起，请稍等。 （说话时还未等）Im sorry _for so long.对不起，让你久等了。 （说话时已
16、等了很久）不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。（A）should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。（B）was / were to + 不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。（C）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。注意：表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气还可以用：was/were going to do 或 was/were about to I would lov
17、e to_ the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone- -Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? - -I _, but I had an unexpected visitor. A. had B. would C. was going to D. did （7）不定式的省略。 同一结构并列由 and 或 or 连接。I want to finish my home
18、work and (to )go home.*4*Im really puzzled what to think or (to)say.特例：To be or not to be,this is a question.He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有 do 时，后面的 to 省略。What he did was(to) lose the game.句中含有动词 do 时，but、 except、besides、such as 等后面 to 可省略。即“前有 do,后省 to”。Dont do anything
19、silly, such as marry him.比较：have nothing to do but do /have nothing but to dohave no choice but to do /cant (help) but do 主句含有不定式，后面有 rather than, rather than 后省 to。Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers a bicycle.A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; ridingWhy not 、h
20、ad better、 would rather、cant but 等词后省 to。如：He could not but walk home.（8）不定式的替代。多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to 后的内容常承前省略（只保留 to 即可） 。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have 或 be 任何形式，后应该保留原形 be 或 have。如：The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him . A. not to B. not to do C.
21、not do it D. do not toSusan is not what she used to be.You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework.I know I ought to have.常见的有：Id like / love / be happy to.3、动名词复习中应注意的几个问题（1）动名词作宾语。下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, esca
22、pe, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, escape, permit。下列动词短语接动名词：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。介词后要接动名词。what about、how about、without、 be fond of、be goo
23、d at 等介词后接动名词。注意 on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引导的从中。作此意讲时 on / upon 后也可以接名词。如 on his arrival。动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, cant stand例 句 解 析1. It began to rain. It began raining.2. It was beginning to snow.3. I love lying (to lie)on my back.4. I l
24、ike listening to music, but today I dont like to.1. 意思无差别，但谓语动词用进行时，后面只跟不定式。2. 表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语，如*5*5. I don t prefer to swim in the river now. 果表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式。remember, forget, regret, try例 句 解 析1. I remember to meet her at the station.I remember seeing her once somewhere.2. I forgot giving it t
25、o you yesterday.I forgot to tell you about it. Now here it is.3. I regret not having working hard.I regret to hear of your sisters death. 4. Try knocking at the back door.We must try to get everything ready.5. That will mean flooding some land.I had meant to go on Monday.1. remember to do sth.记住要做的事
26、remember doing sth.回顾过去发生的事2. forget to do sth.忘记要做的事forget doing sth.忘记做过的事3. regret to do sth.对将要做的事抱歉regret doing sth.对发生过的事后悔4. try to do sth.设法，试图try doing sth.试试看，试一试5. mean to do sth.打算做，想要mean doing sth.意味着，就是want, require, need, demand, request例 句 解 析These desks need repairing.These desks n
27、eed to be repaired.The patient required examinedThe patient required to be examined.1. need doing 需要被做need to be done 需要被做2. want doingwant to be done3. require doingrequire to be doneYou were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have
28、 done D. having doneI must apologize for _ ahead of time. Thats all right.A. letting you not know B. not letting you knowC. letting you know not D. letting not you knowVictor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan. (2004 上海)A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not bein
29、g able D. him to be not ableOne learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.(2001 年春季高考)A. correct B. correcting C. corrects D. to correct4、分词复习应注意的几个问题（1）现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。时间状语（分词作状语前面可加 when, while 等）Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy.做时间状语的分词，可以改成时间连词连接的主从句，如上面两句可以改成：_*6*
30、_ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered_ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited The old man, _
31、abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. (2004高考江苏卷)A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked原因状语Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a noteNot having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.做原因状语的分词，可以改成原因连词连接的主从句，如上句可以改成：_伴随状语The girls came in,
32、 following their parents.Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods.A. seizing ., disappeared B. seized ., disappeared C. seizing, disappearing D. seized ., disappearing“Cant you read it?“ Mary said _ to the notice.A. angrily pointing B. and point a
33、ngrilyC. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointingThe visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added结果状语The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.分次做伴随状语和结果状语可以根据意思改成由 and 或 or 连接的并列句或改成非限制性定语从句
34、.如可改成_or _如可改成_or _European football is played in 80 countries, _it the most popular sport in the world.A. making B. makes C. make D. to make注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式 having(been) done。语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词” 。人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。定语When I got back
35、 home I saw a message pinned to the door “Sorry to miss you； *7*will call later.“ A. read B. reads C. to read D. readingThe picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew.(2000 年春季高考)A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung（2）分词作表语。S. + be /get/系动词+ 动词-ed 表示被动，主语是人；S. + be+ 动词-ing 表示主动，主语是物。S
36、. +be/系动词+to do /to be doneAs we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends.A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missedSarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the party.A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to changeThe pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain
37、 _ as the plane was making a landing.(2004 上海 )A. seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seatingHaving a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _whether they will enjoy it.A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen5、复习过去分词应注意的几个问题过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，用来说明原因、时间、条件等。（1）过去分词作原因状语Tired
38、 by the trip, he soon feel asleep.= _, he soon fell asleep.in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To loseby the beauty of nature , the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm . (2004 高考辽宁卷)AAttracting B Attracted CTo be attr
39、acted DHaving attracted （2）作时间状语Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.=When (the city is) seen from the hill, it looks like a garden.（3）作条件状语Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.=_, I would have worked out the problem.Given more time, I will do better than Tom=_, I will do
40、 better than TomThe research is so designed that once_ nothing can be done to change it.A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begunwith the size of the whole earth , the biggest ocean does not seem big at all . (2004 高考湖北卷)ACompare BWhen comparing CComparing DWhen compared （4）伴随状语*8*The teacher
41、came in, followed by some students.=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.After his journey front abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _A. exhausting B. exhausted C. being exhausted D. having exhausted分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如：Her grandfather being i
42、ll, she had to stay at home looking after him.=_, she had to stay at home looking after him.Time permitting, we will bring in more money. =_, we will bring in more money.Homework (having been) finished, Tom is playing with his friends.=_（5）定语The Olympic Games, _in 776 B.C., did not include women pla
43、yers until 1912.A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M. (2004 高考浙江试题)A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known（6）分词作宾补与不定式作宾补的区别：感官动词 动词原形做了某事S+ + 宾语 + 现在分词正在做某事使役动词 过去分词做了或被做比较: s
44、ee sb.(sth). do/doing/done/prep.短语watch sb.(sth). do/doing/done/prep.短语find sb.(sth). do/doing/done/prep.get sb.(sth.)to do/done/doinghear sb.(sth.)to do/done/doingfeel sb.(sth.)to do/done/doing make sb do /make sth doneforce sb. to do/cause sb. to do 等Laws that punish parents for their little child
45、rens actions against the laws get parents .(2004 高考重庆试题)A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worryThe missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to playPaul doesnt have to be made .He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learningThe managers
46、 discussed the plan that they would like to see _the next year.Acarry out B carrying out Ccarried out Dto carry outA cook will be immediately fired if he is found in the kitchen.Asmoke B smoking Cto smoke Dsmoked*9*Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music. (2004 高考广西卷)A. making herself hear B. to make he
