1、非谓语,-to do,在句子中，不能作谓语而是担当其他语法功能的动词叫做非谓语动词(Non-finite Verb),也叫非限定动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式(the Infinitive)、分词(the Participle)(现在分词和过去分词)和动名词(the Gerund).现在分词和动名词都可以用V-ing形式表示，过去分词用 V-ed表示。,1.Scientists have tried many ways to solve this problem and in China , a mass campaign has been started to help solve it.2
2、.They are often so thick that you cannot see the sun , and the wind is sometimes strong enough to move sand dunes.,3. To have been caught in a sandstorm was a terrible experience. 4.There was nothing to be done . 5.You just had to hope youd survive .,6.I thought I was going to disappear under the sa
3、nd .7.Sandstorms in China appear to have increased in recent years as a result of “desertification” .8.When a sandstorm arrives in the city , weather experts advise people not to go out .,9.To be cycling in a sandstorm is frightening .10.Its difficult to breathe and the dust makes me ill. 11.So if y
4、ou want to go out , youd better wear a mask.12.To prevent it coming nearer ,the government is planting trees.13.Already the government has planted more than 30 billion trees and plans to continue planting for the next five years.,一、 动词不定式 1. 作主语 动词不定式作主语，通常表示一次性的、具体的动作，有时也可表示抽象的或泛指的动作。口语中，常用it作形式主语。
5、但若句中表语也是动词不定式时，则不能用it作形式主语。 To swim with John was very enjoyable. It would be best to tell him the truth. To see is to believe.,2. 作宾语(如固定搭配offer to do sth.中，to do这个非谓语就是offer的宾语) 能直接接不定式作宾语的动词有：offer, learn, ask, agree, help, prepare, hope, decide, choose, refuse, manage, expect, pretend, promise等。
6、,动词+疑问词+不定式。这类动词有：decide, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see, think, understand, wonder等。 I dont know what to do next. I havent decided where to goon holiday.,不定式作介词的宾语。介词except(but)之后接不定式时，如果介词前有实义动词do或do的变形时，则except (but)后接不带to的不定式，反之则不定式要带to。 I have no choice but to wait. She could do n
7、othing but cry. 有些动词既可跟不定式也可跟动名词，但含义不同.,后接动词不定式后接动名词 1.forget忘记去做某事忘记做过某事 2.regret对将做的事表示遗憾 对做的事表示后悔 3.try尽力做某事 试着做某事,4.go on继续做另一件事 继续做同一件事 5.remember记着要去做某事 记得做过某事 6.stop停下来去做另一件事 停下正在做的事 7.mean打算做某事 意味着做某事,3,作表语 不定式常用在系动词后作表语，这些词是be，seem，appear，get，remain等。 My job is to help the patient.,4. 作定语 动
8、词不定式作定语往往后置，且与被修饰的词之间存在动宾关系、主谓关系、同位关系或仅为修饰关系。若动词不定式是不及物动词时，应在动词后加上适当的介词；若被修饰的词是place，time或way时，则通常省略不定式后的介词。,Do you have anything to say for yourself? (动宾) 在此句中，to say是anything的后置定语，并且to say与anything是动宾关系。 找同学分析下面的例句。 He was the last one to leave the classroom. （主谓） I have no wish to quarrel with yo
9、u. (同位) The girl has nothing to worry about. （about不要遗漏）,【注意】 在某些谓语动词，如find，give，get，have，need，want等后作宾语的名词可用不定式修饰。 They gave us a week to think the problem over. 当名词用特定的定语，如first，last，next，only和形容词最高级修饰时，其后用不定式修饰。 举例：Yang is the 431st person to travel in space, including astronauts from 32 countrie
10、s.,Hes the only person to know the truth. 某些用不定式作宾语的动词转化为名词后，仍用不定式作定语，如：agreement，attempt，decision，promise，wish，plan等。 He must keep the promise to pay within a month.,5. 作状语 动词不定式作状语主要表示目的、结果和原因。 He woke up to find everyone gone ( 结果 ). We laughed to hear the news( 原因 ). 目的,6.作宾语补足语 1)有些动词可接带to的不定式作
11、宾语补足语，这类动词有：warn, remind, ask, allow, permit, order, tell, advise, wish, invite, encourage, persuade等。 Mr. Smith warned his daughter never to drive after drinking. Please remind me to post the letter this afternoon.,2) 动词see，watch，notice，hear，listen to，observe，feel，make，let，have后使用省略to的不定式作宾补，但当我们把它
12、由主动语态变为被动语态时do要变为to do，此时的不定式就是主语补足语了。 The boss made the workers work ten hours a day. The workers were made to work ten hours a day.,重点：固定搭配,一些动词后面 只可以加to do: want to do ;would like to do; decide to do; ask sb to do; hope to do(不可加sb); used to do; try ones best to do ; It takes sb. some time/ money
13、 to do; help sb. to do; Its +adj. +for sb. to do; I find it +adj. to do; like to do;,hate to do; be made to do; advice sb. to do; plan to do ; encourage sb. to do ; what to do = how to do it; allow sb. to do; wish sb. to do; refuse to do ; expect to do; happen to do; seem to do; which to choose; aff
14、ord to do,2008年高考题 1.(08全国26) I like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good . A.to be breathed B.to breathe C.breathing D.being breathed,答案 B 解析 在“主语+be+adj.+to do”结构中，动词不定式用主动形式表被动意义。,2.(08北京31) Did the book give the information you needed? Yes.But it， I had to read the entire b
15、ook. A.to find B.find C.to be finding D.finding,答案 A 解析 答语句意为：是的，但是为了找到它，我不得不阅读了整本书。表示目的要用动词不定式形式。由于不表示正在进行，故不用进行时态。,3.(08北京32) I feel greatly honored into their society. A.to welcome B.welcomingC.to be welcomed D.welcomed,答案 C 解析 welcome与“I”之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故welcome须用被动语态形式。该句语意相当于I feel it a great hono
16、r to be welcomed into their society.。,4.(08北京35) It is worth considering what makes“convenience” foods so popular， and better ones of your own. A.introduces B.to introduce C.introducing D.introduced,答案 C 解析 本题句意为：值得考虑一下什么使得“方便”食品这么受人欢迎，并且介绍一下你自己比较喜欢的那些“食品”。and连接consider与introduce，故introduce也要用v.ing形
17、式作为worth的宾语使用。,5.(08天津4)their hats into the air， the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory. A.To throw B.ThrownC.Throwing D.Being thrown,答案 C 解析 throw与句子主语the fans之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词作状语。A项表示动作还未发生；B、D两项表示被动，均不符合句意。,6.(08江西24) I hear theyve promoted Tom， but he didnt mention when we talk
18、ed on the phone. A.to promote B.having been promotedC.having promoted D.to be promoted,答案 B 解析 句意为：我听说他们提拔了汤姆，但我们在电话中交谈时汤姆并未提及被提拔之事。mention后跟名词或动名词作宾语，此处要用动名词的完成被动式表示，“被提拔”的动作在mention前发生。,7.(08江西28) We finished the run in less than half the time . A.allowing B.to allow C.allowed D.allows,答案 C 解析 句意为
19、：我们用了不到被允许的时间的一半就跑完了。time后缺少定语，“时间”与“允许”之间是被动关系，因此用过去分词形式。,8.(08湖南26) The trees in the storm have been moved off the road. A.being blown down B.blown downC.blowing down D.to blow down,答案 B 解析 句意为：在暴风雨中被吹倒的树已经被从道路上移走了。“树木”的后面缺少定语，因为blow down与trees之间是动宾关系，且是已经完成的动作，故用过去分词短语blown down。,.(08湖南30) 9. the
20、 project as planned，well have to work two more hours a day. A.Completing B.Complete C.Completed D.To complete,答案 D 解析 句意为：为了按计划完成工程，我们不得不每天多工作两个小时。此处用动词不定式作状语，表示目的。,10.(08湖南34)Susan wanted to be independent of her parents.She tried alone，but she didnt like it and moved back home. A.living B.to live
21、C.to be living D.having lived,答案 A 解析 句意为：苏姗不想依赖父母。她试着一个人生活，但不喜欢这样，又搬回家去了。try doing sth.试着做某事；try to do sth.尽力去做某事。,11.(08陕西14)around the Water Cube， we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. A.Having shown B.To be shown C.Having been shown D.To show,答案 C 解析 show与take之间有明显的时间先后关系，且句子的主语与show构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故该空格处用现在完成时的被动形式。,END THANK YOU,
