1、Table & Graph Writing,图表作文和一般作文的区别 看懂图表要领（1） 看懂图表要领（2） 图一、图二分析 易犯错误&解决方法 常用数字表达法 Basic Writing Structure etc. Exercises,怎样分析和描述图表,图表作文和一般作文,一般作文：在指示中把作文要讨论的问题或者现象直接用文字告诉你。 图表作文：把问题或者现象用图表反映出来。要求：把图表看懂，并用文字叙述出来，才能对这个问题或现象展开讨论。,看懂图表要领（1）,看懂图表，弄请它所反映的问题或现象。 第一，熟悉图表的各种类型，了解它们的特点和作用。常见图表有四种：,图表作文写作常识,1、图
2、形种类及概述法 泛指一份数据图表：a data graph/chart/diagram/ illustration/table 饼pie chart 直方图或柱形bar chart / histogram 趋势曲线line chart / curve diagram 表格table 流程图或过程flow chart / sequence diagram 程序processing/procedures diagram,Pie Chart（饼图),这种图表多数用来表示各种事物在总数百分之一百种所占的各自比例。,Line Graph（线图）,这种曲线图用来表示一种事物的上升趋势或下降趋势。,Bar
3、Graph（条形棒图),一般用来比较几种事物在同一时期上升或者下降的情况。,Table（表格图）,这种图表用于表示多种事物间的相互关系。,一、第一段写作,图表作文有表格(table)、柱形图(bar chart)、饼状图(pie chart)和折线图(diagram)之分，后三种都属于图表的范畴(chart)。不管是chart还是table，都需要进行描述，一般放在文章的第一部分，长度宜适中。描述数据我们要首先看看是几个变量(A)，每个变量有几个数据(B)，不妨以A*B表示。 如果只有一个变量，有三个数据， As can beseen clearly in the chart, the ave
4、rage number of hours a student spends on Internet every week has increased from 2 hours in 1998 to 8 hours in 2006.,如果是最常见的是2*3的情形， According to the information implied in the chart, we can see clearly that in a big city in China, state owned houses declined from 75% in 1990 to 60% in 1995 and then
5、to 20% in 2000, while private houses rose from 25% to 40% and then to 80% during the same period. 如果是1*n(n3)的情形，将头与尾描述出来即可，比较好的方法就是在句中描述最后一个与第一个相比变化了多少。 碰到多变量、每个变量多数据的情形，大家应首先进行分类，分成上升、下降两类，或者上升、下降、不变三类，如此，问题可以得到解决。,二、第二段写作第二段是阐释现象、解释原因的段落，在搬出原因，进行论证的时候，一定要注意起承转合，逻辑清楚，我们总结了以下的套用句式。It is universally
6、known that the above-mentioned chart truly demonstrates a social issue which is becoming more and more popular currently. What prove to be the underlying reasons for it? Without any doubt, 3 reasons stated as follows can be adopted to account for it. First and foremost,(阐释具体的现象或原因)more importantly,
7、(阐释具体的现象或原因)，last but not the least.(阐述具体的现象或原因),三、第三段写作,最后一段着力于根据图表所反映的变化，对它所存在的问题给出一些措施，对它的未来趋势进行展望或者阐述其发展方向。 To sum up, in order to maintain such a sound momentum, a number of great efforts should bemade to take some effective measures in this regard, on the one hand,具体的措施，on the other hand，具体的措施
8、，only in this way,can this momentum be kept smoothly, (如果以上说的是好的趋势) Generallyspeaking, in order to put an end to this bad momentum, some compelling measuresshould be taken into account, on the one hand,具体措施， onthe other hand,具体措施， only if we have taken theabove-mentioned measures ,can this momentum
9、be curbed effectively.(如果以上说的是不好的趋势),看懂图表要领（2）,要善于从众多的数字中抓住主要问题。给出的图表和数字并不是要求简单的描写，而是要求通过图表上的数字抓住所反映的社会问题进行评论。因此从数字中看出主要问题或现象至关重要。 1）借助于题目和指示里的要求来抓主要问题。 2）看一下图表中的哪些数字前后变化最大。,Graph 1 (Job Problems for College Graduates),上图1、2 、3分别表示: 1：Graduates who continue to study 2：Graduates who take jobs irrelev
10、ant to their majors 3：Graduates who hold jobs in their majors,图一分析,一、借助于题目Job Problems for College Graduates,可以看出是关于大学毕业生找工作的问题。因此尽管表中有许多数字，但只要顺着有关工作职业的数字，就能发现图表所要反映的问题。 二、看图表哪些数字变化最大：图表中有三组六个数字，分别表示毕业生继续读书、找专业对口的工作和找专业不对口的工作。但以后两组数据在十年里的变化最大。因此它们就是文章要讨论的主要问题。,抓住了所要评论的问题，接着就是先把它用语言表述出来。在描写中，对数字的运用要有
11、针对性，不要把图表中的数字全描写出来。,Graph 1：First paragraph,Each year thousands upon thousands of graduates flood the job market, waving their college diplomas and certificates, expecting better jobs in their majors, only to be frustrated and disappointed. According to the charts, only 58% percent of college gradua
12、tes in 1992 could find jobs in their specialities, compared with 89% percent in 1981 when Chin had its first college graduates after the Cultural Revolution. Why do college graduates find it increasingly difficult to get a rewarding job?,Graph 2 Enthusiasm for Sports,Enthusiasm for Sports. You must
13、write no less than 120 words and explain WHY many TV viewers like to watch sports.,Graph 2: First paragraph,Modern sports are becoming more spectator-oriented than participant-oriented. Just think of millions and millions of people who spend countless hours before TV sets watching sports of all sort
14、s: Olympic Games, World Series Games and the World Cup Soccer Game. According to a survey, among various televised events, sports have the greatest number of viewers. When an important football match is televised live, the streets of a big city are often left deserted.,Possible mistakes,盲目地把图表中所有数据都
15、描写出来，不管是否和主题有关。 解决方法：可以在描写和引用数字前，先把这些数据要反映的问题用一句话写出来。这样就把数据看成是一种用来说明问题的具体数据材料 (statistical evidence) 。选用的数据必须和论述有关。,Rising Divorce Rates in China,In recent years the divorce rate in China has increased drastically. According to a 1992 Census Bureau report on marriage and divorce in some big cities,
16、during the past five years, the divorce rate has increased as much as it had in the entire previous twenty years. In 1967 there were only 0.5 divorced persons for every 1000 married people, and in 1987 the rate was 7 per thousand, but in 1992 the rate jumped to 15 divorced per 1000 married.,常用数字表达法,
17、1. In 1990, it,increased rose jumped shot up,from 5 to 10 percent of the total. to 15 percent. by 15 percent.,2. By comparison with 1990, it,decreased dropped fell,from 10 to 5 percent. to 15 percent. by 15 percent.,3. The that of last year.,figure percentage number population,has nearly has almost
18、has more than,doubled, tripled,compared with as compared with as against,4. It hascompared with .,dropped increased decreased,almost more than about,two and a half times, twice, six times,5. The as much as that of 1990.,number percentage,is twice is 4 times is half,6. It has,reached approached risen
19、 to,something of a plateau 50 percent an average of 50 percent,in the recent 5 years. in the past few years. since 1992.,7. It accounts for 15 percent of the total ,8. Therein March,was were has been,26 traffic accidents 26 teenage suicides a 26 percent increase/decline in birth rates,up from 20 per
20、cent for the same period last year. an increase of 3 percent in a three-month period. only 65.3 births per 1000 females of childbearing age.,That is the rate in history, continuing a(n) trend begun in the 1970s.,second-highest second-lowest,upward downward,9. By 1990,only less than more than almost
21、about over as many as,three-quarters 40 percent of one out of five one in four,college populations graduates housewives,preferred to liked ,as against as compared with,last year, 1980,10. The was of the 1990 total .,number rate,15 percent/15 per thousand,less than more than,a half a third/quarter,Ba
22、sic Writing Process of the Composition,1) Have a correct understanding of the given information, and grasp the main idea; 2) Make a careful analysis of the information; 3) Use the right technique of writing; (The most common techniques used in this kind of writing are: comparison and contrast.) 4) M
23、ake a comment on the main topic, then reach a conclusion,Basic Writing Structure,1) Describe the information given in the chart or table; 2) Analyze the phenomenon (its causes, consequences, etc.); 3) Predict the future tendency or give your suggestions or solutions.,A Writing Pattern for Reference,
24、Description:In recent years China has experienced a dramatic increase in the divorce rate. According to a 1996 census on _ in some big cities, _ has continued an upward trend since forty years ago. In 1956 there were only _, and in 1986 the rate was _, but in 1996 the rate jumped to _. According to
25、the chart, during the last decade, _ in big cities has increased as much as it had in the previous thirty years.,A Writing Pattern for Reference,Analysis: The upward trend in _ seems to be a mirror of some important changes in Chinese society. First, _. Second, _. Finally, _.,A Writing Pattern for R
26、eference,Conclusion: Whatever changes lead to the rise in _, the fact and the statistics alone reflect the change in _.,Exercise : Rising Divorce Rates in China (Topic One),Directions: 描写图表所反映的问题。 你认为最近几年中国离婚率高的原因是什么？,Sample One,In recent years China has experienced a dramatic increase in the divorc
27、e rate. According to the chart, during the last decade, the divorce rate in big cities has increased as much as it had in the previous thirty years. The upward trend in divorce seems to be a mirror of some important changes in Chinese society. First, legal changes have simplified divorce procedures,
28、 and removed barriers to divorce. More and more people, both young and old, are now benefiting from, even taking advantage of the new law which for the first time in history allows a couple to get divorced merely for loves sake.,Sample One,Second, there has been a significant change in social attitu
29、de towards the divorced persons. The act of divorce is no longer considered a social stigma. Finally, the change in personal economic activities also facilitate divorce. The unprecedented social mobility in the last 10 years both within the country and across the land has placed severe strains on ma
30、rried couples, not only in terms of geographic separation, but also psychological change.Whatever changes leading to the rise in divorce fates, the fact and the statistics alone reflect the change in peoples traditional view of marriage and family life.,Changes in Peoples Diet (Topic Two),Changes in
31、 Peoples Diet,根据上图描述在过去5年里人们饮食上的变化； 分析产生这些变化的原因； 你的结论,Sample Two,In the last 20 years, a marked change has taken place on the family dining table. According to the table, rice, the staple food of most Chinese, is now playing a less important role in their diet, while the consumption of high quality
32、food such as meat, fish, milk and fruit has greatly increased.,Two factors may contribute to the change. One important factor is that people now enjoy a higher standard of living than ever before. In the old days few people could afford meat and milk every day, which often meant a big chunk of the f
33、amily income. But now people have enough money to taste a rich variety of food. Another factor is that people of today pay more attention to nutrition. They are not merely content to fill the stomach. They are seeking the most reasonable diet which will do good to their health.In short, with peoples
34、 standard of living getting higher and higher, changes in their diet will be more obvious and greater.,Topic Three: Car Explosion in China,Car Explosion in China,根据上图描述在过去10年里私人拥有小汽车情况的变化； 分析产生这些变化的原因； 你的结论,Sample Three,As is vividly described in the table above, great changes in car ownership have
35、taken place in China over past decade. The number of private cars has accordingly increased nearly 7 times from more than 2 million in 1996 to over 14 million in 2006. Whats the reason？There are two main factors for these changes. To begin with, development in economy plays a vital role in these yea
36、rs. The higher incomes results in Chinese peoples owning private cars. Whats more, in modern society, time means money, many Chinese need a car to do business on time.,In my view, however, the car explosion will constantly increase year by year, a large number of social problems such as traffic jams
37、, among other things, are turning up nearly every city in China.,常用的描述用法,The table/chart diagram/graph shows （that） According to the table/chart diagram/graph As （is） shown in the table/chart diagram/graph As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures， figures/statistics shows （that） It
38、can be seen from the figures/statistics We can see from the figures/statistics It is clear from the figures/statistics It is apparent from the figures/statistics table/chart/diagram/graph figures （that） table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates how,图表中的数据（Data）具体表达法,数据（Data）在某一个时间段固定不变：f
39、ixed in time 在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time 持续变化的data在不同情况下 增加：increase / raise / rise / go up 减少：decrease / grow down / drop / fall 波动：fluctuate / rebound / undulate / wave 稳定：remain stable / stabilize / level off 最常用的两种表达法 动词+副词形式（Verb+Adverb form） 形容词+名词形式（Adjective+Noun form）,1、相关常用词组,1、主章开头 图表类型
40、：table, chart, diagram, graph, column chart, pie graph 描述：show, describe, illustrate, can be seen from, clear, apparent, reveal, represent 内容：figure, statistic, number, percentage, proportion,2、表示数据变化的单词或者词组,rapid/rapidly 迅速的，飞快的，险峻的 dramatic/dramatically 戏剧性的，生动的 significant/significantly 有意义的，重大的，
41、重要的 sharp/sharply 锐利的，明显的，急剧的 steep/steeply 急剧升降的 steady/steadily 稳固的，坚定不移的 gradual/gradually 渐进的，逐渐的 slow/slowly 缓慢的，不活跃的 slight/slightly 轻微的、略微地 stable/stably 稳定的,3、其它在描述中的常用到的词,significant changes 图中一些较大变化 noticeable trend 明显趋势 during the same period 在同一时期 grow/grew 增长 distribute 分布，区别 unequally
42、不相等地 in the case of adv. 在的情况下 in terms of / in respect of / regarding 在方面 in contrast 相反，大不相同 government policy 政府政策 market forces 市场规率 measure n.尺寸，方法，措施v.估量，调节 forecast n.先见，预见v.预测,50 Useful expressions,1. the table shows the changes in the number ofover the period fromto 该表格描述了在年之年间数量的变化。 2. the
43、 bar chart illustrates that 该柱状图展示了 3. the graph provides some interesting data regarding该图为我们提供了有关有趣数据。 4. the diagram shows （that） 该图向我们展示了 5. the pie graph depicts （that） 该圆形图揭示了 6. this is a cure graph which describes the trend of 这个曲线图描述了的趋势。 7. the figures/statistics show （that） 数据（字）表明 8. the
44、 tree diagram reveals how 该树型图向我们揭示了如何,9. the data/statistics show （that） 该数据（字）可以这样理解 10. the data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion tha 这些数据资料令我们得出结论 11. as is shown/demonstrated/exhibited in the diagram/graph/chart/table 如图所示 12. according to the chart/figures 根据这些表（数字） 13. as is shown
45、 in the table 如表格所示 14. as can be seen from the diagram，great changes have taken place in从图中可以看出，发生了巨大变化。 15. from the table/chart/diagram/figure，we can see clearly thator it is clear/apparent from the chart that 从图表我们可以很清楚（明显）看到 16. this is a graph which illustrates 这个图表向我们展示了,17. this table shows
46、the changing proportion of a & b fromto 该表格描述了年到年间a与b的比例关系。 18. the graph，presented in a pie chart， shows the general trend in 该图以圆形图形式描述了总的趋势。 19. this is a column chart showing 这是个柱型图，描述了 20. as can be seen from the graph，the two curves show the flutuation of如图所示，两条曲线描述了的波动情况。 21. over the period
47、fromtotheremained level. 在至期间，基本不变。 22. in the year betweenand 在年到期间,23. in the 3 years spanning from 1995 through 1998 1995年至1998三年里 24. from then on/from this time onwards 从那时起 25. the number ofremained steady/stable from （month/year） to （month/year）月（年）至月（年）的数量基本不变。 26. the number sharply went up
48、 to 数字急剧上升至 27. the percentage ofstayed the same betweenand 至期间的比率维持不变。 28. the figures peaked atin（month/year） 的数目在月（年）达到顶点，为,29. the percentage remained steady at 比率维持在 30.the percentage ofis sightly larger/smaller than that of 的比例比的比例略高（低）。 31.there is not a great deal of difference betweenand 与的
49、区别不大。 32.the graphs show a threefold increase in the number of 该图表表明的数目增长了三倍。 33 decreased year by year whileincreased steadily. 逐年减少，而逐步上升。 34.the situation reached a peak（a high point at） of%. 的情况（局势）到达顶（高）点，为百分点。 35.the figures/situation bottomed out in 数字（情况）在达到底部。 36.the figures reached the bottom/a low point/hit a trough. 数字（情况）达到底部（低谷）。 37.a is times as much/many as b. a是b的倍。,
