1、1定语的表示法(一)-单词作定语定语是修饰名词或代词的句子成分。英语的实词、短语及从句都可以作定语。一、单词作定语1、 名词名词作定语在英语中较为普遍，它可以表示“质地、用途、性别、特点、功能，等等”，有时在没有同根形容词的情况下也用名词作定语。名词作定语一般用单数, 有少数名词，像“goods, clothes, customs, savings, works, etc.”，要用复数作定语。表示人、动物、时间、国家、机构、组织等名词要用所有格作形式定语。例如：My gold watch is far more expensive than that golden necklace of yo
2、urs. 我的金表比你的那条金色的项链要贵得多。The woman teacher bought a pair of leather shoes in the shoe store. 那位女老师在这家鞋店买了一双皮鞋。The police station is across the rose garden. 警察局在玫瑰园那边。We are going to buy a color TV at the Spring Festival. 我们打算在春节期间买一部彩色电视。I lost my purse in the cloth shop, not the clothes shop. 我的钱包是在
3、那家布店丢的，而不是在那家服装店丢的。The babys food is made of mares milk, bulls bone powder, corn flour, grape sugar and other elements. 这婴儿的食品是由马奶、牛骨粉、玉米面、葡萄糖等成分配制的。2、 形容词形容词作定语最为普遍，以描述事物的形状、性质、特点等等。表语形容词(afraid, alert, alike, alive, alone, ashamed, aware, content, ill, unable, etc.)作定语时要放在中心词的后面。有些形容词放在中心词的前面或者后面，
4、其意义不同(如： present, ill, etc.)；还有一些词放在中心词前面是形容词，而放在后面则是副词(如：back, nearby, upstairs, etc.)。如：The big table is a round one. 那张大桌子是一张圆桌。This Indian girl speaks good English. 这位印度姑娘英语说的很好。The old writer is collecting folk songs in the mountainous area. 那位老作家正在山区收集民歌。The animals alive are said to be well p
5、rotected. 据说那些活着的动物都受到了很好的保护。The people present are seriously discussing the present situation. 到场的人正在认真讨论当前的形势。On his way back, he put my bike at my back door. 在回来的路上，他把我的自行车放在我家后门旁边。They were mostly well-to-do peasants. 他们大多数人都是富裕农民。23、 副词副词作定语要放在中心词的后面。例如：Most of the doctors here are said to have
6、 had further education abroad. 据说这儿的大多数医生都在国外进修过。The room upstairs may be better than any one in the buildings around. 楼上的那个房间可能比周围楼房里的房间都要好。You can have a day off after your work there. 那儿的工作结束之后，你可以休一天假。4、 数词数词作定语直接修饰可数名词复数形式，修饰不可数名词要在其后加量词。The two teachers are showing the five students how to do
7、the experiment. 那两位老师正在教那五个学生做实验。Two-sevenths of the project has been finished. 那项工程已经完成了七分之二。61% of the villagers there are living under poverty. 在那儿的村民中有61%的人生活在贫困线以下。The first three rows of the seats are left for the young pioneers. 前三排座位留给少先队员们。The No.10 bus passes here every 15 minutes. 这儿的十路公共
8、汽车每十五分钟就有一班。We left you five pieces of bread and two cases of coffee.我只给你留了五块面包和两盒咖啡。Millions of people all over China were watching TV when Yang Liwei landed safely.当杨利伟安全着陆时，全国数百万计的人都在观看电视直播。5、 代词英语的物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词和连接代词等都能作定语。如：My brother reserved a room in this hotel for us. 我哥哥在这家旅馆为我们预
9、订了一个房间。Some workers are out of work. 有些工人失业了。Which class are you in? 你在哪个班？He often asks me what kind of work Im going to do in the future. 他常常问我今后要做什么工作。She wants to marry a man whose father is very rich. 她要嫁给一位父亲很有钱的人。Which team will win remains to be unclear.那一个队会赢尚不明确。6、 动名词3动名词作定语表示中心词的用途。例如：Th
10、e sleeping bag is in the sitting room. 睡袋在客厅里。This kind of writing paper writes well. 这种信纸好写。He bought a fishing pole while I bought a walking stick. 他买了一根鱼竿，而我买了一根手杖。再如：building material (建筑材料), printing press (印刷机), chewing gun (口香糖), weaving shop (纺织车间), dining car (餐车), sewing machine (缝纫机), rea
11、ding room (阅览室) etc. 都是动名词作定语，表示中心词的用途。7、 分词分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的省略，现在分词强调主动和进行，过去分词强调被动和完成。如：Barking dogs seldom bite. 爱叫唤的狗很少咬人。The visiting scholar will give a talk to the disabled people tomorrow. 那位访问学者明天要给残疾人做个报告。Hand in your written work in the following week. 下周，交书面作业。定语的表示法(二)-短语作定语二、短语作定语在英语中，各种
12、短语作定语都相当于一个定语从句，其位置要放在中心词的后面。1、 介词短语During his stay here, he attended a meeting （which is）of importance and visited historic places of interest. 他在这儿逗留期间，参加了一个重要会议并参观了几处名胜古迹。The old woman with a baby in her arms was a heroine in the battles against the invaders. 怀里抱着婴儿的那位老奶奶曾经是抗击侵略者的英雄。2、 形容词短语They
13、have loaded the trucks with the buckets (which are) full of material water. 他们已经把装满矿泉水的大桶装上了卡车。The scientists and experts present at the conference agreed on the project. 到会的科学家和专家们就那项工程达成了一致意见。Those good at computer will find favor with our boss. 擅长电脑的将更会受到老板的重视。The only thing capable of affecting
14、our mood then and there is the chorus by insects. 在这境界和这时间里，唯一的足以感动心情的就是虫儿们的合奏。3、分词短语4现在分词作定语强调正在进行的动作，而过去分词作定语则强调被动和完成。如：The youth (who is )typing a document is my new secretary. 正在打文件的那个小青年是我的新秘书。Those letters typewritten in English have been mailed to them. 用英语打的那些信件已经寄给他们了。The driver injured in
15、the car accident has been sent to hospital. 在车祸中受伤的那位司机已送到医院了。4、 动词不定式短语动词不定式作定语强调一次性动作，该动作或者已经完成、或者将要发生。例如：We have a lot of work (that we will do) to do this afternoon. 今天下午我们有很多工作要做。Is there anything else（that is） to be taken to the classroom？还有什么要带到教室去吗？There are still ten minutes to go. 还有十分钟。I
16、saw the boy was the first to leave the office. 我看到他是第一个离开办公室的人。I want to find some books for children to read in the summer vacation. 我想找几本孩子们在暑假可以看的书。Can you come to the welcome party to be held tomorrow in honor of the delegation? 你能来参加明天为代表团举行的欢迎会吗？5、 副词短语We should try to help those (who are) out
17、 of work.我们应当尽力帮助那些失业的人。He worked in a factory (which is) far away from here.他在一个离这儿很远的工厂上班。定语表示法(三)-从句作定语三、从句作定语作定语的句子就是定语从句，它必须有自己的独立完整的句子结构和明确的意思，由关系词连接。在定语从句中，关系词的选用既要看被它指代的先行词，又要看它在定语从句中所担任的句子成分来定。定语从句又可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种，非限制性定语从句用逗号 “,”分开，关系词不用“that”。1、先行词和关系词先行词是被定语从句修饰的中心词。关系词分为关系代词、关系副词和
18、关系形容词，它们在定语从句中的用法是相对固定的，如下表：英语关系词功能表关系词 主语/宾语 表语 定语 状语 词 性 指 代 替 换Who 代词 人 that(限制性 )5whom 代词 人which 代词 事物that 代词 人、事物 which（非限制性）whose 形容词 人、事物 0f whom/whichwhere 副词 地点 介词+whichwhen 副词 时间 介词+whichwhy 副词 原因 for whichas 代词 人、事物 that (同一)but 代词 人、事物 who not2、 关系代词“who, whom”引导的定语从句在由关系代词“who, whom”引导的
19、定语从句中， “who”作主语， “whom”作宾语。在口语或非正式文体中,“whom”可以省去 , 还可以用“who/that”代替, 但是先行词必须是“人” 或者寓言故事中的“ 动物”。例如：The two new comers who had gone with us were Beth and Anna. 原来和我们一起去的是两位新来的，名叫贝丝和安娜。So you found some women (whom/who/that) you could speak English with. 这样你就找到了几位可以和你会讲英语的妇女了。3、关系代词“which”引导的定语从句在由“whi
20、ch”引导的定语从句中，先行词是“事、物” ， “which”在定语从句中用作主语或宾语。在限制性定语从句中“which” 可以用“that”替换，但在非限制性定语从句和介词后，指代事、物的关系词就只能用“which” 不能用“that”。例如：We had a rest under the big tree which（that）is the oldest in this area. 我们在一棵在这个地区最古老的大树下休息了一下。The building, which stands across the street, is the one in which we put on the En
21、glish play.对面那栋大楼就是我们当时演英语短剧的那栋大楼。I dont like the way in which (that) he spoke to me. 我不喜欢你和我讲话的方式。4、 关系代词“that”引导的定语从句在由关系词“that”引导的限制性定语从句中，先行词可以是“人、事、物” ， “that”在定语从句中可用作主语或宾语。注意：，关系代词一般只用“that”几种情况：1） 、由不定代词 “all, any, few, little, most, much, none, etc.”及合成不定代词“anything, everything, nothing, so
22、mething, etc.”作先行词；2） 、先行词被“all, any, every, little, many, much, no, the only, the very, etc.”词语和被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时；3） 、先行词是（两个或两个以上）不同类的名词；先行词前的句中已经有了“who, which”时, 关系代词一般只用“that”；但是它不能用于非限制性定语从句中。例6如：All that can be done has been done. 能做的事都做好了。Is there anything else (that) I can do for you? 还有什么事情需要我
23、做的吗？This is the only reference book that is on biology.这是唯一的一本关于生物的参考书。This is the very thing (that) Im after. 这就是我在找的那件衣服。He is the first foreigner (that) I have met today. 这是我今天见到的第一个外国人。This is the best film (that) I have ever seen this year. 这是我今年看过的最好影片。I will never forget the persons and thing
24、s (that) I met at this school. 我将永远也忘不了在这个学校里遇到的人和事。Who is the girl that was speaking to you just now? 刚才与你讲话的那个女孩是谁？Which of the books (that) you borrowed from him is the best? 你从他那儿借来的书中哪一本最好？5、关系副词“when, where, why”引导的定语从句在由关系副词“when, where, why”引导的定语从句中， “when, where, why”都作状语，一般都可以改成：介词+关系代词“wh
25、ich” 的形式，既：when = at/on/in/during+ which; where = at/on/in/from/to+ which; why = for +which. 例如:I will never forget the day when (= on which) I joined the League. 我将永远也忘不了我入团的那一天。This is the hospital where (= in which) she was born. 这就是她出生的那家医院。Is that the reason why (= for which) he was late? 那就是他迟
26、到的理由吗？6、关系词“as”引导的定语从句“as”作为关系词在限制性定语从句中，常用下列三个句型， “such +n+as，the same +n+as，as/so adj.+n.+as”。例如：Such people as (=People such as or Those whom) you have described have no devoted friends. 像你所描述的那种人是不会有真正的朋友的。Such books as are on sale here are expensive. 在这儿买的这些书都很贵。I have the same trouble as you (
27、have). 我跟你的麻烦是一样的。We spend the same time as you (spend) in doing the homework. 我们在做作业上花的时间跟你们在做作业上花的时间是相同的。I have not learned so many English songs as you have (learned). 我学会的英语歌曲没有你学会的多。7、关系形容词 whose 引导的定语从句在关系形容词“whose”引导的定语从句中， “whose”用作定语，指代“人、事、物”，可以换成“of whom, of which”。例如：7They live in the ho
28、use whose windows (= of which the windows or the windows of which) face south. 他们住在窗子向南开的那栋房子里。Did you refer to the man whose car (= the car of whom or of whom the car) had been stolen? 你指的是汽车被人偷了的那位男同志吗？8、 “But”作为关系词，一般要放在否定的句子后面，其本身也表示否定意思，相当于“whonot, thatnot”，例如：There was not a single person here
29、 but thought (=who did not think) you were right. 这儿没有一个人不认为你是对的。There is no habit so bad but may (that may not) be torn away from. 只要有坚强的意志，没有什么坏习惯不能改掉。9、关系词的活用在限制性定语从句中， “that”可以替代关系代词 “who, whom, which”。在口语或非正式英语中，作宾语的关系代词“whom, which, that”还可以省去, 也可以用主格形式代替宾格形式，但是介词前移时，只能用“whom” 和“which”。例如：I kn
30、ow the man who/that is talking to John. 我认识正在跟约翰讲话的那个人。I know the man (whom/who/that) John is talking to. 我认识约翰先生正在跟他讲话的那个人。I know the man to whom Mr. John is talking. 我认识约翰正在跟他讲话的那个人。The book which/that was written by Alice is very useful. 爱丽丝写的那本书很有用。The book (which/that) Alice wrote is very usefu
31、l. 爱丽丝写的那本书很有用。10、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句不用逗号分开，它是中心词的必要修饰语；非限制性定语从句要用逗号与中心词分开，它是对中心词的补充说明。这两种从句都要放在中心词的后面，有时在意思上有区别。As 引导非限制性定语从句还可以放在句首。例如：The old man has a son who is studying abroad. 那老人有一个正在国外学习的儿子。 （他可能不只一个儿子）The old man has a son, who is studying abroad. 那老人有一个儿子，他正在国外学习。（他可能只有一个儿子）This is a
32、useful dictionary, which he always carries in his schoolbag. 这是一本很有用的词典，他总是把它带在书包里。I gave her the dictionary that/which I bought in London. 我把在伦敦买的那本词典送给了她。11、as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别as 表示“正如、就像”之意，可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，指代主句，而 witch 表示“这一点， ”之意，相当于“and this/that”，只能放在句末，指代主句或主句的一部分。例如：8As we all know, the
33、earth is round. 众所周知，地球是圆的。Bamboo is hollow, as you can see. 正如你所看到的那样，竹子是空心的。They have invited me to visit their country, which (= and this) is very kind of them. 他们邀请我访问他们的国家，这使我很感谢。(which 指代整个主句 )She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. 他对孩子很耐心，他丈夫却很少这样。(which 指代主句中的一部分对孩子有耐心 )
