1、 1/5HUMA 099E Spring 2005 April 11, 2005 Part 8 Phonograms !%3 (Textbook pp151-178; Trans. pp220-260) 1. The way in which the phonograms were created !%3 3o Four chief processes happening in the formation of phonogram. 3!%3 o 1) The addition of a phonetic symbol to a semantograph Vi3 FJO P151 2) The
2、 alteration of a part of a semantograph into a phonetic component Vi33Bz3d 3) The addition of a semantic component to an already existing character X3 Fi a. Adding semantic symbol to an already existing loangraph. !L3Fi b. Adding semantic symbol to a character used in an extended meaning. !V U #“3Fi
3、 c. Adding semantic symbol to make the original meaning explicit ;* P“F 79Fi. 4) Replacement of the components of a phonogram I!%3 shake, stir up. It is alrea dy a extended meaning aid, relieve $ $v; ? cannon F Fha F. http:/ English translation P242) Phonetic !% Signific semantic component 3uJv j9bB
4、 b 3 B9b S a kind of willow S “2? a man of S worried that the sky might fall down-superfluous worry. name of a river. There are eight types: 1) Signific on the left, phonetic on the right. P!% dam + Z!%b V auspicious V comprised of U deity * and the phonetic . muscle meat, +!% 3/5Most of characters
5、specially for Cantonese fall into this category: 2) Signific on the right, phonetic on the left. P!% happy 4 yawn; airflow comes out from mouth !% S happy 8 sign I female bird/animal yN!%b aP T ( ) _ yi4 city, town “a T (P ) fu4 soil mountain 3) Signific on the top, phonetic on the bottom. /!% eaves
6、 B , !%b ! continuous rain !%b 4) Signific on the bottom, phonetic on the top / !% ax (a kind of ax)!% basin (vessel) s!% 5) Phonetic occupies a corner !%B h 6) Signific occupies a corner B r earth0!% 7) Signific outside, phonetic inside !% = “H round “G!% surround, enclose h basket d!% container 8)
7、 Phonetic outside, signific inside !% = ! hear 9 !% . Exercises: For first four types, please find two examples for each type. Working with your partner, 4/5and you need to turn in. - ;* B s % 0b 2-3 B“ 3. The semantic function of Significs ViT (P167-168; English P244-246) Signific In some phonogram
8、s, the semantic element has the same meaning as the phonogram as a whole. E.g, =/ “ =! ; = ; = In most of the cases, the semantic element in phonograms have only a more general link to their graphic meanings !% somewhat greenish black !% sweepgum is a kind of tree, hence the component ! is used. “ a
9、xle. “ refers to a part of a cart; hence it has as component. run away J drunk. wine vessel. f misfortune The signific U depicts a spirit tablet * . * VC harbor Harbor cannot be a harbor without water, / skill. Skill has to do with hand; hence the character has a hand as a component. created for the
10、 English word beer. Phonograms created to write foreign loanwords mostly have a g 4ea 4R curry. Not just for foreign words, for dialectal words, people did the same. E.g., 5/5The way that semantic elements express meanings is often one-sided . Also changes in the perceptions of things themselves can
11、 affect the semantic function of semantic elements . Y & Xi!0I9! ViT mirror Made of metal. as signific absurd, rash greedy . lazy . cunning Of . be jealous of, envy Quiz 4 Wednesday 13 April 2005 Part seven Semantographs will be covered in this quiz. 1) Classify the following graphs in accordance wi
12、th Chen-Qius three principles theory of Chinese script. Gv E! ! J/ 33 b !%3L3 The terms in both English and Chinese will be available in the quiz. The characters used in the quiz have been illustrated in class or appeared textbook. English definition for each graph in the quiz. 2) Answer questions. Closely related to classification of characters E.g., v 1) big 2) adult man. In which meaning, can v be considered as a pictorial graph 3$ Tutorial Class: 12:30-1:30 tomorrow Tuesday 12 April Classroom: 2404
