1、Unit 3,Lessons from Jefferson 杰斐逊的遗训,I. Word Study,1. source, origin,e.g. Well have to find a new source of income.The origin of the custom is unknown.Ancient Greece is called the origin of Western Civilization.cf. origin: 血统，出身,2. personal (1) done in person 亲自的,e.g. Personal interview is an import
2、ant step in applying for any MBA program.The Mayor paid a personal visit to the old man who was celebrating his 100th birthday.,(2) belonging to a person 个人的,e.g. The suitcase contains all his personal belongings.Personal views are expressed in the newspapers “Letters to the Editor”.,(3) (of things
3、said) directed against; rude 人身的，涉及个人的，攻击人的,e.g. A real gentleman is above personal attacks.Its impolite to ask such personal questions as age, marital status, and salary.,3. appoint, name,e.g. The President appointed a new cabinet member.He was appointed to a university chair.When will they name a
4、successor?He was named captain of the team.,4. capitol (美国的州议会大厦), Capitol (美国的国会大厦), capital (首都，首府，省会),5. refuse, decline, reject,e.g. I wonder why he refused to discuss the problem at the meeting.Several soldiers refused to obey the order.,The blind man smilingly declined to be helped across the
5、street.She rejected his marriage proposal.The board rejected all our ideas.,6. hesitate, pause,e.g. Dont hesitate in doing what you believe is good and correct.I hesitate to pay so much for a suit.She paused at the door out of fear.After posing the difficult question, the teacher paused and looked e
6、xpectantly at us.,7. prefer (vt.) choose (one thing) rather than (another) 更喜欢；宁愿,e.g. I prefer typing to writing by hand.Id prefer to have something to eat / that we had something to eat before we start.We prefer sportsmanship over competition in any sports meet.,8. agreement (n.) (1) having the sa
7、me opinion(s) 同意；一致,e.g. The two countries are in agreement on that issue.The peacemaker failed to bring the two warring states into agreement.,(2) arrangement or understanding made by two or more persons, groups, governments, etc. 协议，协定,e.g. Compromises must be made before we make / reach / arrive
8、at / come to an agreement.The agreement will not come into effect until both parties sign it.,9. action (n.) (1) thing done; act 行动过程；行动；行为；活动,e.g. Unnecessary deaths occurred because Hamlet delayed action repeatedly.Actions speak louder than words.,(2) influence 作用,e.g. The action of a certain drug
9、 on human health must be fully tested before it goes on the market.,10. existence (n.) (1) the state of existing 存在,e.g. Do you believe in the existence of UFOs?That custom came into existence over 500 years ago.Hitler once planned to put the Jewish race out of existence.,(2) manner of living 生活，生活方
10、式,e.g. All people are working hard for a better existence.Sometimes I envy the morons (痴愚者), they seem to lead such a happy existence.,II. Language Points (Reference背景知识),1. obtain (vt.) get through effort 获得,e.g. The old woman who obtained her degree at the age of 74 won respect from others.The top
11、 politician traveled non-stop to obtain support for his new proposal.,2. by birth: so far as family origin or nationality is concerned 在血统上；生来，天生地,e.g. He is British by birth, but he was born in France.A Japanese by birth, he had a Chinese childhood and an American adolescence.,3. humble (a.) (1) lo
12、w in position 地位低下的，卑贱的,e.g. Having a humble job all his life, he is eager to please others.Napoleons humble origin did not stop his political ambition.,(2) having a modest opinion of oneself 谦虚的，谦逊的,e.g. I was surprised to find Einstein to be such a humble person.In my humble opinion, your Majesty,
13、 it is time for the Prince to improve his image.,4. go out of ones way (to do sth.): make a special effort or exert onself more than usual (to do sth.) 特地；故意,e.g. Jane went out of her way to be nice to the newcomer.Both parties are going out of their way to reach a compromise.,5. threaten (vt.) (1)
14、hang over dangerously; utter a threat against 威胁，恐吓,e.g. Giant pandas are threatened with extinction.,Destruction of the ecosystem threatened human life. Oliver Twist was threatened into stealing. The hijacker threatened to kill the pilot.,(2) give warning of 是。的征兆,e.g. The dark clouds threatened ra
15、in.It threatens to rain.,6. error (n.) mistake or sth. done wrongly 错误，差错,e.g. Although it is human to err, we must make / commit as few errors as possible.Intel admitted that there was some error in the computer chips it had thus far manufactured.The dictionary sells badly for too many printing err
16、ors.,7. false (a.) (1) not true or correct 不真实的，错误的,e.g. The spy entered enemy territory on a false identity.They must have given a false alarm. Nothing unusual happened.,(2) not genuine, artificial 假的，伪造的,e.g. false teeth / hair / passports / coins,(3) insincere 不忠实的，虚伪的,e.g. “I would love to do as
17、 much as I could,” this politician responded with false enthusiasm.,8. leave (vt.) give into the care or charge of someone 把。交给；委托,e.g. Ill leave it to you to settle all the business. (or: Ill leave you to settle all the business.)The task is left for you to fulfill.All right, leave it to me. Note:
18、leave sb. sth. / leave sth. with sb. / leave sth. to sb.,9. latter (n.) (“the latter”, contrasted with “the former”) the second of two persons or things just spoken 后者,e.g. Of white meat and red meat, the latter is more fattening than the former.It is a shame that some artists cannot tell the ugly f
19、rom the beautiful, and even regard the former as the latter.,(a.) nearer to the end of a period 后面的；后半的,e.g. The latter days of the artist were spent in training young painters.There might be more rain in the latter part of this year.,10. conflict (v.) be opposed; clash 冲突,e.g. Your two statements c
20、onflict with each other.It is reported that some workers on strike conflicted with the police.,(n.) disagreement ; clash; fight,e.g. The two companies come into frequent conflicts as a result of competition.Armed conflicts have been going on in this region over the past ten years.,11. act on: do sth
21、. in accordance with; follow 按照。行事,e.g. Acting on the doctors suggestion, the woman has decided to go on a diet.You would not have made such a mistake if you had acted on his advice.,12. resent (vt.) feel angry or bitter at 对。忿很； 对。不满,e.g. Disabled people usually resent being pitied upon.I resent ha
22、ving to get his permission for everything I do.Worldly affairs are resented by the hermit.,13. custom (n.) (1) generally accepted behavior among members of a social group 习惯，风俗,e.g. The saying “When in Rome, do as the Romans do.” Means one must observe local customs wherever one is.It is the familys
23、 custom to go out driving after Sunday dinner.,(2) (pl.) government department that collects import duties; import duties 海关；关税,e.g. Passengers from the newly arrived plane waited in line to get through the Customs.The stamp here proves that customs have been paid.,14. leave behind: abandon; forget
24、to take or bring along 丢弃；留下，忘带,e.g. When the enemy withdraw, much of the heavy equipment was left behind.Oh dear! Ive left the umbrella behind.,15. of ones age: of the period or time in which one lives 同时代的,e.g. He was the most brilliant composer of his age.Of all the scientists of his age, Einstei
25、n was perhaps the most outstanding.,16. be superior to: be better than 比。好/优越，胜过,e.g. They were far superior in number to their enemy.The new machine is superior to the old ones in that it consumes less fuel.,17. influence (vt.) have an effect on 影响,e.g. Public opinions are usually influenced by mas
26、s media.Lei Feng influenced his fellow soldiers to serve the people whole-heartedly.,(n.) power to affect sth. or sb. 影响,e.g. Lei Feng had great influence on people in the 1950s.You have some influence over Mary. Could you go and talk her out of such crazy behavior?,(n.) power due to wealth, positio
27、n, etc. 势力，权势,e.g. The father wont use his influence to get his son a job.,18. talent (n.) (1) special natural ability 才能；天资,e.g. She gave up playing the piano because she did not have much talent for music.This university aims at helping young people develop their talents.,(2) sb. with special natu
28、ral ability 有才能的人，人才,e.g. A headhunting agency looks for outstanding talents for its customers.Mozart was known as a talent when he was very young.,19. above all: most important of all 首先；尤其是,e.g. Children need many things, but above all they need attention. Never waste anything, but above all never
29、 waste time. Be polite, above all, to old people.,20. owe sth. to sb. / sth. : be obliged to sb. / sth. for sth. ; admit thankfully sb. / sth. as the cause of sth. 应该把。归功于,e.g. We owe that important new discovery to Albert Einstein.,We owe it to Marconi and Bell that we can now talk to people on the
30、 other side of the world over the radio.She owes her success to hard work and patience.,Chinese-English Translation,1. It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution. 2. By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand i
31、nformation they needed in their research work.,3. It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight. 4. The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport. 5. Henrys works of art are superior in many respects to those of his br
32、others.,6. The steady rise in the quality of our products owes much to the improvement of our equipment. 7. Jim would have preferred to act on his own judgment, but he didnt because as a soldier he had to obey the order.,8. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a city without bikes or
33、one without cars. I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.,English-Chinese Translation,1. 作家们指出，华盛顿特区的林肯纪念堂，与古希腊人为纪念他们的神而建造的神殿不无相似之处；而每年在学校和公共场所所举行的纪念林肯诞辰的庆典仪式有时也带有宗教仪式的特点。,2. 美国人民钦佩靠自奋斗成功的人那种既没有钱，也没有家族权势，全靠自我拼搏而出人头地的人。 3. 北方诸州的改革家们对国会施加压力，要求在后来成为合众国诸州的西部领地内禁止奴隶制。这时，南方的有些州便想脱离，即退出合众国。,4. 作为总统，他任命那些他认为最有才能的人担任政府要职，尽管其中有些人曾公开对他冷嘲热讽。 5. 举国上下对他的死所作出的毫无克制的情感反应，几乎令人难以置信，表明了他深受国人的尊重。,
