1、对外经济合同英文写作,Unit One Some Language Features in the Contract Documents第一，选用正式的或法律条文的用词The Contract document is a legal document which the Parties to the Contract shall comply with. The language used in the contract documents shall be clear, unadorned and legal. One language feature in Contract documen
2、ts is wording. The words and phrases used in the said documents shall be legal, formal, and accurate.,Sample 1The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed to be construed as part of this Contract. 整个合同期间，本合同的附件应被理解为合同的一部分。Notes:1)1) 句中的be deemed（被认为）和construed（理解）为正式用词。Be deemed
3、 比be considered 正式，construed比 understood正式。2 2） The Appendix hereto是指“本合同的附件”，即The Appendix to this Contract，这里hereto为英语法律用词，下一单元专门讲解。3) Appendix与Contract为本合同文件的专门用词，因此用大写。一般合同中第1条definition（定义）中提及的名词都要大写。,Sample 2The first Board meeting shall be convened within one month after the issuance of the C
4、ompanys business license.第一次董事会应在公司营业执照签发后一个月内召开。Notes: 1)句中convened比called正式。2)2)within one month一个月内召开,在法律文件中表示时间之内，一般用介词within，而不用介词in，因为介词in可能表示“之内”，也可能表示“之外”，为避免争议，用介词within为好。 3)the issuance of the Companys business license 签发公司营业执照，the issuance为法律英语正式用词。,Sample 3“Permanent Works”means the per
5、manent works to be executed in accordance with the Contract. “永久工程”是指根据合同将实施的永久工程。Notes:1)1) in accordance with 在合同等法律文件中常用，比according to要正式。2 2)to be executed将实施，或将施工之意；同理，the execution of the Works是“施工”之意。,Sample 4 The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereo
6、f or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract. 本合同条件中的标题和旁注不应视为合同条件的一部分，在合同条件或合同本身的理解或解释中也不应考虑这些标题和旁注。Notes: 1)句中construction 意为explanation，但比 explanation正式，此词在法律文件中常用。有的国际法律文本中，此词被译成“构成”，显然是错误的。2)shall not be deemed part thereof不应视为合同本文的一部分。shall在
7、法律英语中意为“应当、应该”之意；part thereof即part of these conditions。the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract合同条件或合同本身的理解或解释。thereof意为of these conditions。,(5) If under Clause 31 the Employer employ other Contractors on the Site he shall require them to have the same regard for safety and avoi
8、dance of danger. 如果根据第31条规定，业主在现场还雇用其他承包人时，业主应同样地要求这些承包人在安全和避免危险方面负同样的责任。Notes:1 1)句中require是正式用词，比ask正式。而且，require表示上对下的要求，表示法律条款对合同当事人的要求。而ask一词没有这么明确，它含有request和require之意，其中request表示下对上的要求，在译成中文时，为“请求”。可见在此句中只能用require为最恰当。2 2)under Clause 31根据第31条规定, under为法律英语正式用词，表示“根据、按照”之意。3 3)the Site“现场”或“
9、工地” 之意。,(6) The submission to and consent by the Engineer of such programs or the provision of such general descriptions or cash flow estimates shall not relieve the Contractor of any of his duties or responsibilities under the Contract. 向工程师提交并同意的上述进度计划或提供上述一般说明或现金流通量估算，并不解除根据合同规定的承包人的任何义务或责任。Notes
10、:1 1)句中consent（同意）和 estimates（估算）都是正式用词。2 2)duties or responsibilities任何义务或责任,在法律英语中大量使用同义词连用，使意思明确，避免因英语词汇一词多义而发生争议。3 3)under the Contract根据合同规定。,(7) The Chairman may convene an interim meeting in accordance with a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors. 董事长可根据董事会三分之一董事的提议，召集临时
11、董事会会议。Notes: 1)句中convene（召集）和interim（临时）都是正式用词。2 2)an interim meeting董事会会议，此词组实际上是指an interim meeting of the board of directors。,(8) The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Pri
12、ce. 业主特此立约保证向承包人支付合同总价，以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。Notes: 1)covenants 是法律用词，意为签订有法律约束力的正式合约。 2)hereby为常用的法律英语副词，意为“特此”。 3)the remedying of defects therein修补工程中缺陷，therein即in the Works之意。),第二，同义词连用A Another language feature is that an expression may contain two synonyms or more repeating each other in mean
13、ing to avoid possible misunderstanding.E Examples:(1) The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract. 本合同条件中的标题和旁注不应视为合同本文的一部分，在合同条件或合同本身的理解或解释中也不应考虑这些标题和旁注。N Notes:1
14、1)句中interpretation与construction同义，意为理解，解释。,2) This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. 本协议由甲方和乙方签订。N Notes:1 1) 句中made和entered into同义，意为签订协议。by和between同义，意为由甲方和乙方签订。Sign, make ,conclude, enter into an agreement签订协议2 2)agreement 与contract 意思并不完全一样，contract为总体概念，agre
15、ement为contract一部分。从法律上称为“合同书”。,( (3) The Contractor shall, without limiting his or the Employers obligations and responsibilities under Clause 20, insure the Works, together with materials and plant for incorporation therein, to the full replacement cost. 在不限制第20条中规定的承包人和业主的义务和责任的条件下，承包人应以全部重置成本对工程，
16、并对用于工程中的材料和工程配套设备进行保险。N Notes:1 1) 句中obligations和responsibilities同义。 2)materials and plant for incorporation therein用于工程中的材料和工程配套设备，for incorporation in应译为“用于”，而不能译为“进入”； therein即in the Works之意。,(4) Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published
17、. 甲方不再承担已经被公开部分的保密义务。N Notes:1 1)句中secret和confidential同义。K 2)Keeping secret and confidential保密。,(5) The amendments to or alterations of this Contract become effect only after they are signed by the Parties hereto and approved by the original approving authorities. 本合同的修改只有经合同双方签字并经原审批主管机关批准后才能生效。N N
18、otes: 1)句中amendments和alterations同义。2 2)the Parties hereto本合同双方，hereto即to this Contract。3 3)the original approving authorities 原审批主管机关，注：authorities为复数形式，意为“机关、机构、当局”；单数形式authority为“权力”之意。,( 6) The Parties to this Contract shall fulfill or perform any of the obligations under this Contract. 本合同双方应履行合
19、同规定的义务。 Notes:1 1)句中fulfill和perform同义。2 2)The Parties to this Contract本合同双方,缩略形式为The Parties hereto。3 3)under this Contract根据本合同规定,under: in accordance with,(7) Any such consent shall not relieve the Contractor from any liability or obligation under the Contract. 任何此类同意均不应解除合同规定的承包人的责任与义务。N Notes:1
20、1)句中liability和obligation同义。2 2)shall not relieve不应解除3 3)consent为正式用词，意为“同意”。,(8) If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations of the said Contract, this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and ef
21、fect. 如果承包人切实履行并遵守上述合同的所有条款、条件及规定，本保证书所承担的义务即告终止，否则这种义务保持完全有效。Notes:1)句中连用了几组同义词，以表示强调法律条款的严密性。其中terms, provisions, conditions, stipulations 皆为同义，意为合同的条款及规定。null和void为同义，意为无效。另外，be和remain同义； force和effect也是同义。 2)stipulations意为“规定”，但法律文件中很少用，一般用provisions。例如，合同规定：the stipulations of the Contract。第10条款
22、的规定：the stipulations of Clause 10。,第三，外语与相关的专业知识和国际法知识相结合Examples:(1) The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor, from time to time, such supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate execution and completion of the works a
23、nd the remedying of any defects therein.工程师有权随时向承包人发出为合理和恰当施工，竣工及修补工程中的缺陷所必须的补充图纸和指示。,N Notes:1 1)句中为表示“施工，竣工及修补工程中的缺陷”用了两个and (execution and completion of the Works and the remedy of any defects therein)。如果从语言角度来分析，这里多用一个 and，结构不对，可以写成“execution, completion of the works and the remedying of any def
24、ects therein”。然而，正是这样符合语法的英语句子，就可能犯了一大错误，合同中一方会遭受经济损失。这里有专业和法律知识问题。根据一般国际承包工程的做法以及国际工程承包法规（FIDIC合同条款）的规定，工程分两个阶段完成；第一阶段为：设计、施工和竣工。第一阶段完成后，承包人获得业主签发的移交证书（Taking-over Certificate）。第二阶段为修补工程中的缺陷，第二阶段完成后，承包人可获得缺陷责任证书（Defects Liability Certificate），届时，承包人和业主的双方合同义务都已解除。,2)从上面分析可看出，此句中的两个and是必要的。第一个and（ex
25、ecution and completion of the Works）是指第一阶段中的两项工作，而第二个and 是指国际承包工程中分两个阶段。如果省去了句中的第一个and，就意味着两个阶段合并成一个阶段，使承包人该移交的工程交不出去，只能等到“修补工程中缺陷”的阶段结束。这就造成承包方的人力、物力等成本的加大，而且，这样写也违背FIDIC合同条款的规定。,1) 3) 可见，要写好这一句子（条款），只有具备语言，国际承包工程知识和FIDIC国际工程承包合同条款这三门知识才能做到。 4)the remedying of any defects therein即the remedying of a
26、ny defects in the Works。,(2) In the event of a Subcontractor having undertaken towards the Contractor in respect of the Works executed, or the goods, materials, plant or services supplied by such Subcontractor, any continuing obligation extending for a period exceeding that of the Defects Liability
27、Period under the Contract, the Contract shall, at any time following the expiration of such Period, assign to the Employer, at the Employers request and cost, the benefit of such obligation for the un-expired time thereof.当分包人向承包人承担负责施工, 或提供材料，货物，设备和服务的责任期限延长到超过合同规定的缺陷责任期限时，承包人应在缺陷责任期结束后，根据业主的要求及用业主
28、的费用，把未结束的这种义务转让给业主。,Notes: 1)当我们要表示“要求”时，英语中有3个词，即：ask，require和request，3个词意思基本相同。但在具体使用上有区别。Ask为通用，require为上对下的要求，即地位高的向地位低的要求，而request是下对上的要求，地位低向地位高的要求。在合同中，业主的地位自然要比承包人的高，提及业主的要求时，通常要用 require，而不用 request。而这里恰恰用了request ( at the Employers request ) , 这里是否用错了？其实，没有用错，是对的。道理很简单，从句子中可看出，合同的缺陷责任期（Def
29、ects Liability Period）已经结束，这就意味着业主和承包人的合同义务已解除。他们不再是上下级关系，而是变成了平等关系。在这种情况下，请别人办事，礼貌点为好，事情容易办成。因此request一词在这里用得极为恰当。同样，这也是一个需要集三门知识于一身的例子。,1) 2)In the event of为法律英语常用短语，意为“如果”。23)the un-expired time thereof即the un-expired time of the Defects Liability Period。,(3) In the event that the stated time pro
30、ves to be insufficient, the Employer may ask Tenderers to extend the period of validity of their Tenders for a further named period. 如果发现注明的时间不能满足要求，业主可要求投标者将其投标书的有效期再延长一指定的时间。,N Notes:1 1)业主在投标时和在签订合同后都称为业主。而承包人就不一样了，在投标时称投标者，如果其投标书被业主接受，即中标，并签定了合同，那么投标人就变成承包人。此时与业主的关系就成了上下级关系。而投标时，业主与投标人的关系并没有合同上的
31、法律关系，或上下关系。自然用require这样的词就不合适，有欺人之嫌。从本句来看双方恰好处在投标阶段，合同并未签订，自然不能用require，而投标又是投标人自己的行为，不是业主请他们来投标，因此也不能用request，可见ask是最合适的词了。2 2)In the event that为法律英语常用短语，意为“如果”。,Unit Two Wording / DictionForeign economic contracts require the use of their correct nomenclature which is essential to the writing of s
32、uch a contract. It is, therefore, necessary for students to acquire, through practice, the basic knowledge of how these are worded. They include the following:hereafter, hereby, herein, hereinafter, hereinbefore, hereof, hereto, hereunder, hereupon, herewith;thereafter, thereby, therefrom, therein,
33、thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereunder, thereupon, therewith;whereas, whereby, wherein, whereof, whereon, etc.,Lesson One HerebyHereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，因此，兹等意，常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。,Passage 1The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in co
34、nsideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.,Chinese version for reference: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内，按合同
35、规定的方式向承包人支付合同价，或合同规定的其它应支付的款项，以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。,Passage 2We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.,Chinese v
36、ersion for reference:特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容翔实，正确无误，并提供了全部能提供的资料和数据，我们同意应贵方要求，出具有效的证明。,Passage 3This Contract is made and signed in (place) on (date) , by and between _ ( hereinafter referred to as the Seller) and _ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer).The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the followi
37、ng goods subject to the following conditions:,Chinese version for reference:本合同由_（以下称卖方）和 _ （以下称买方）于_年_月_日在_签订。买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下：,Passage 4With reference to the Lease Agreement No.LA123, signed by and between your goodselves and AA Plant, Zhanjiang (hereinafter referred to as the Leasee) on October 1
38、5, 1997, we hereby establish in your favour, at the request of the Lessee, Irrevocable Letter of Guarantee No. BCZ456 for an amount not exceeding JY _ (say Japanese Yen _ only) .,Chinese version for reference:关于你方与湛江AA工厂（以下称承租人）于1997年10月15日所签订的租赁协议，特根据承租人的请求，我行现出具以你方为抬头的不可撤销保证书BCZ456号，金额为_日元整。,Passa
39、ge 5The Parties to this Contract, in the spirit of friendly cooperation, hereby signed and concluded this Contract in accordance with the following terms and conditions:,Chinese version for reference:双方本着友好合作的精神，特签订本合同，其条件如下：,Passage 6The Housing Administration Department of Beijing Diplomatic perso
40、nnel Service Company (hereinafter to be referred to as Party A) and _ (hereinafter to be referred to as Party B) hereby entered into and concluded this Lease Contract as follows:,Chinese version for reference:北京市外交人员服务公司房屋管理处（以下称甲方）与_ (以下称乙方)订立租赁合同如下：,Lesson Two HereinafterHereinafter: later in the
41、same Contract.以下，在下文。一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复。,Passage 1In accordance with the “Law of the Peoples Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures”and the Contract signed by and between _ Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A and _ co. (hereinafter refe
42、rred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.,Chinese version for reference:根据中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法以及由_ _ 公司 (以下称甲方) 与_公司（以下称乙方）所订的合资经营的合同，特制订本公司章程。,Passage 2_ (hereinafter called the“Buyer” on the one hand, and _ (hereinafter called the “Seller” ) on the other hand
43、hereby agree to sign and conclude this Contract (hereinafter called the “Contract”) in accordance with the terms and conditions as follows:,Chinese version for reference:_(以下简称买方)为一方,和_(以下简称卖方)为另一方,双方特此同意按照下列条件条款签订本合同.,Passage 3If an issuing bank intends that the reimbursement to which a paying, acc
44、epting or negotiating bank is entitled, shall be obtained by the bank claiming on another branch or office of the issuing bank or on a third bank (all hereinafter referred to as the reimbursing bank) it shall provide such reimbursing bank in good time with the proper instructions or authorization to
45、 honour such reimbursement claims and without making it a condition that the bank entitled to claim reimbursement shall certify compliance with the terms and conditions of the credit to the reimbursing bank.,Chinese version for reference:如果开证行愿让付款行、承兑行或议付行向开证行的另一个分行、支行或第三者银行（以下均称偿付行）索取应得的偿付时，该开证行应及时
46、向该偿付行提供照付该偿付的相应指示（发出偿付指示）或授权偿付，并不得要求索偿行必须向偿付行证实信用证条款作为偿付的先决条件。,Passage 4Such notice shall establish the entitlement of the Party giving the same to commence arbitration, as hereinafter provided, as to such dispute and subject to sub-clause 67.4, no arbitration in respect thereof may be commenced unl
47、ess such notice is given.,Chinese version for reference:本通知应按以下规定就此争端确立发出通知方开始仲裁的权利，并按第67.4款的规定，如无此类通知，上述仲裁不可开始。,Passage 5This Agreement is made and concluded on _, 200- by and between _ (hereinafter called the Employer) on the one hand and _ (hereinafter called the Contractor) on the other hand.,Ch
48、inese version for reference:本协议书于200_年_月_日由_（以下称业主）为一方，与_（以下称承包人）为另一方签订。,Passage 6 The following words and expressions in the Contract (as hereinafter defined) shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them, except where the Contract otherwise requires.,Chinese version for reference: 以下合同（如下文定义）中的用语和用词，除根据合同另有要求者外，应具有下述所赋予它们的涵义。,Lesson Three ThereinTherein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect. 在那里；在那点上，在那方面。,
