1、基督教艺术欣赏,Catholic Arts,本讲结构,基督教兴起 基督教圣经故事 早期基督教艺术,一、基督教兴起,Constantinople: The 2nd Rome Founded in 330,The Rise of Christianity,St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles,The Spread of Christianity,Imperial Roman Road System,The Empire in Crisis: 3c,Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 AD,Constantine: 312
2、- 337,二、基督教圣经故事,When Adam and Eve sinned in Paradise, they lost their right to happiness. But God promised to send His only Son to regain this happiness for them. Out of all the world, God chose Mary to be the Mother of His Son. One day the Angel Gabriel from heaven appeared to her. “Hail, full of g
3、race!“ he cried. And he told her that she was to be the Mother of the Most High. Mary answered, “Behold the handmaid of the Lord!“ At that moment the Second Person of the Blessed Trinity, Gods Son, entered the world. This is called the Incarnation.,First Joyful Mystery - The Annunciation,The Angel G
4、abriel told Mary that her cousin Elizabeth, though an old lady, was to have a little son. This son was St. John the Baptist. So immediately Mary hurried over the hills to take care of her cousin. When Elizabeth saw her, she cried, “Blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb.“
5、 Mary answered by singing the Magnificat. Mary stayed with her cousin until John the Baptist was born. She was Elizabeths little nurse and maid servant. When John was born and Elizabeth was strong again, Mary returned to her own home to wait for the birth of her own dear Son, Jesus.,Second Joyful My
6、stery - The Visitation,The proud Roman Emperor ordered all his citizens to pay their taxes in their home cities. So Joseph, the husband of Mary, and Mary traveled to Bethlehem. Bethlehem was so full of visitors they could not find a place to sleep. So they went out to a little stable in a hill. And
7、there Jesus, the Savior of the world, was born. A glorious star shone in the heavens. Angels sang, “Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace to men of good will!“ Shepherds came to adore the newborn King. Wise Men from the east brought Him lovely gifts. Mary was deeply happy. She lifted Him hi
8、gh for the world to see. This was the first Christmas.,Third Joyful Mystery - The Nativity,All men and women are the children of God. The holy Jews carried each first born son to the Temple and offered him to God. Then in his place, they gave God a lamb or, if they were poor, a pair of pure white do
9、ves. So Mary carried her Son to the Temple. She offered Him to God. Then, because she was poor, she offered in His place two white doves. But a great prophet called Simeon saw the Baby and knew this was the Savior of the world. He cried aloud in his joy. And a wise old lady named Anna blessed Him an
10、d His dear Mother. Then Mary carried her Son home again. She was His beloved nurse and teacher and protector.,Fourth Joyful Mystery - The Presentation,The Jewish Temple was Gods house on earth. When Jesus was twelve years old, Joseph and Mary took Him to Jerusalem where the Temple stood. Jesus loved
11、 His Fathers house. So when Mary and Joseph returned to Nazareth, their home town, He stayed behind. He knew that God wished Him to stay longer in His Fathers house. Soon Mary and Joseph found that Jesus was lost. They hurried back to the Temple. For three days and nights they looked everywhere for
12、Him. Finally, they found Him seated among the doctors and priests. He was asking them wise questions and teaching them about the Savior. He did this because this was “His Fathers business.“ Then quietly He returned to Nazareth with Joseph and Mary and for the rest of His youth, He was perfectly obed
13、ient to them.,Fifth Joyful Mystery - The Finding in the Temple,Everyone who commits a sin is a criminal against the good God. So he should be punished. But Jesus, our Saviour, came to take the sinners place. He asked God to punish Him instead of us who really are the guilty ones. This suffering of C
14、hrist we call His Passion. On Holy Thursday after He gave us the Blessed Sacrament, He went into a lonely garden called Gethsemane. He looked ahead and saw all He was going to suffer. He saw all our sins, ugly, filthy, evil. And the thought of His Passion and our sins made Him sweat blood. This bloo
15、d poured down upon the ground in His agony. Then Judas came with the soldiers. Like a traitor he kissed Jesus. The soldiers led Him away to death.,First Sorrowful Mystery - The Agony in the Garden,Pilate, the Roman Governor, knew that Jesus was not guilty. But all the people cried out for His death.
16、 And because Jesus had taken our place, God, His Father, was willing to let His Son die. Pilate ordered Him to be whipped. The soldiers fastened Him to a stone column. Then with heavy whips, they beat His back. Jesus suffered terribly from this scourging. But He did not cry out. For He knew who many
17、 people commit sins with their bodies. We sometimes call these the sins of the flesh. So He wanted to suffer for their sad sins. He wanted us to be strong against this kind of ugly sin.,Second Sorrowful Mystery - The Scourging,Jesus was the King of Kings, the King of the Jews. But the Roman soldiers
18、 thought this was funny. “Still, lets pretend that He is,“ one of them cried. “For a joke lets make Him a crown.“ So they picked up a branch of cruel thorns, and made it into a crown. They pushed it into the head of our Savior. It hurt Him terribly. The blood ran down into His eyes. The thorns tore
19、His skin and reached toward His brain. Then the soldiers put a reed in His hand. They threw a dirty red cloak over His shoulders. They laughed at Him and cried, “Hail to the King!“ Jesus suffered all this because of our sins of thought and pride.,Third Sorrowful Mystery - The Crowning with Thorns,Pi
20、late heard the people cry out, “Crucify Him!“ So Pilate ordered Him to be nailed on a cross. But first He had to carry His own cross up to the top of Calvary. The cross was very heavy. The soldiers put it on His shoulder and it rubbed against His torn flesh. They dragged Him through the city and up
21、the hill to die. The people laughed at Him and threw rocks and mud. When He fell, the soldiers kicked Him to His feet. Once along the way, He met Mary, His Mother. But she could do nothing to help her dear Son. Veronica ran out of the crowd and wiped His face with her veil. Some good women wept for
22、Him. And Simon was forced to help Him carry the cross.,Fourth Sorrowful Mystery - The Carrying of the Cross,For three hours our dear Lord hung on the cross. He was taking on Himself the punishment for our sins. He prayed to His Father in heaven, “Father, forgive them.“ He forgave the terrible sinner
23、 who became the Good Thief. He gave us His own dear Mother. He cried out because He was thirsty for our love. At length, He knew that God had forgiven our sins. Once more, we had the right to enter heaven. So He dropped His head and died. “Greater love than this no man hath than to lay down his life
24、 for his friends.“,Fifth Sorrowful Mystery - The Crucifixion,Christ died on Good Friday. He was buried in the Holy Sepulchre. For three days He lay dead. Soldiers guarded the tomb. The Roman Governor, Pilate, placed on the heavy door the seal of Rome. Then Sunday morning dawned. Beautiful light appe
25、ared in the sky. The soldiers saw light pouring from the grave where Jesus lay. The great, heavy stone rolled away of itself. And Jesus, glorious, strong, beautiful, and alive, came forth from the tomb. He visited His dear Mother and thanked her. He showed Himself to Mary Magdalen who was weeping fo
26、r Him. He appeared to His Apostles. He proved to us that we shall live forever. This was the first Easter.,First Glorious Mystery - The Resurrection,For forth days Jesus remained on earth after His Resurrection. He established His Church and gave it wonderful powers. He talked to His friends, tellin
27、g them about heaven, and about the work they must do first for God and souls. Then one Thursday, He took them all up on Mount Olivet. He gave them His last instructions and said goodbye. Slowly by His own power, He began to rise from the earth. He stretched out His hands to bless them. He smiled dow
28、n for the last time upon His Mother. At last a cloud covered Him, and He entered the joys of heaven. An angel then came to the Apostles and told them to go back and begin to work for souls. Some day they too would enter heaven and be happy forever.,Second Glorious Mystery - The Ascension,Christ had
29、promised the Apostles, “I will send you the Holy Spirit. He will be your Comforter.“ After Jesus left them, the Apostles were afraid. So they hid themselves in the little apartment of Mary. They prayed and waited for nine days. This was the first Novena. Then on Pentacost, over their heads, the Apos
30、tles saw parted tongues of fire. A tongue settled on each of their heads. The Holy Spirit had come. At once, they went out and began to tell everyone about Jesus. They spoke so strongly that thousands believed and were baptized. This was the birthday of the Catholic Church.,Third Glorious Mystery -
31、The Descent of the Holy Ghost,For a long time, Jesus left His Mother on earth. He wanted her to take care of His Apostles, and be the Mother of the new Church. Then one day He quietly sent for her, and with a smile she died. The Apostles came from all over the earth to be at her deathbed. They carri
32、ed her body to her grave and laid it gently in the ground. Saint Thomas came late, after the burial. When the Apostles took him to the grave, they found it empty and open. Where Marys body had rested, beautiful lilies were growing. Jesus had sent His angels to bring the body of His Mother to heaven.
33、 It was too pure to rest in the earth. It had served Him so well that it must at once enjoy the happiness of heaven.,Fourth Glorious Mystery - The Assumption,Mary had served Jesus all her life. She had loved and served God with her whole heart and soul. She had never committed the slightest sin. So
34、in heaven she was to have her reward. Body and soul, Mary entered heaven. Her Son, Jesus, met her and took her in His grateful arms. The heavenly Father said, “This is My dear devoted daughter.“ The Divine Son said, “This is My dear faithful Mother.“ The Holy Spirit said, “This is my sweet, pure bri
35、de.“ And the saints and angels all cried, “This is our Queen!“ So Jesus, the King of Kings, seated her on her throne. On her head He placed a glorious crown of stars. But Mary looked down to see her children on earth. For now she could help her sons and daughters to reach heaven. Mary is the Queen o
36、f Heaven. But she is our loving Mother who protects us with her power.,Fifth Glorious Mystery - The Coronation,In the Gothic vaults of the Tornabuoni Chapel the four Evangelists are floating on clouds. St Matthew the Evangelist is holding the slate pencil in the fingertips of his right hand, and wit
37、h his left hand he is holding out an open book for us to see. As he does so, he is looking attentively at his symbol, the little angel. The latter, wearing a fluttering garment, comes very close to the Evangelist in order to convey to him the word of God.,St Matthew the Evangelist 1486-90 Fresco Cap
38、pella Tornabuoni, Santa Maria Novella, Florence,the Evangelist,St Mark the Evangelist is concentrating on sharpening his quill with a knife. The lion at his feet, his symbolic animal, is looking into the chapel with his large eyes.,St Mark the Evangelist 1486-90 Fresco Cappella Tornabuoni, Santa Mar
39、ia Novella, Florence,St John the Evangelist is writing down Gods words, which are being conveyed to him by his symbolic animal, the eagle, on a piece of paper.,St John the Evangelist 1486-90 Fresco Cappella Tornabuoni, Santa Maria Novella, Florence,St Luke the Evangelist, depicted as a young man wit
40、h brown hair and a beard, is looking at a little book on his knee as he writes down the life of Christ. On his left a very realistic ox, the Evangelists symbol, is resting. The reflections in its large black eye make it look quite good-natured.,St Luke the Evangelist 1486-90 Fresco Cappella Tornabuo
41、ni, Santa Maria Novella, Florence,Secluded on the Greek island of Patmos, Saint John the Evangelist experienced his apocalyptic vision of the Second Coming of Christ. This painting depicts the moment when he was inspired by God the Father to write the Book of Revelation. Seen from a low vantage poin
42、t and dramatically silhouetted against the sky, the heroic figure of John is radically foreshortened. With bent knees and upthrust arms, he looks up to witness God, accompanied by angels, bursting through the clouds above his head. The brilliant hues of yellow, blue, and red draw the eye upward thro
43、ugh the physical boundaries of the ceiling and into the heavenly realm. The emotional impact of the subject is further intensified by Titians broad, expressive brushstrokes.,Titian Venetian, c. 1490 - 1576 Saint John the Evangelist on Patmos, c. 1547 oil on canvas, 237.6 x 263 cm Samuel H. Kress Col
44、lection 1957.14.6,三、早期基督教艺术,（一）定义 早期基督教被视为反动的非法团体，为了躲避罗马官兵的拘捕，采取“地下活动”，在地下墓窟用隐喻象征的图象做为信徒膜拜的对象。所以早期基督教艺术是指罗马的地下墓窟(Catacomb)艺术而言，时间约在公元100420年之间。君士坦丁颁布基督教为国教后，早期的地下艺术便告结束。,（二）特征,1、早期建筑极为简陋，在墙上和室顶上，饰以壁画和灰泥制的浮雕，少有圆雕。 2、壁画多取材于基督教的圣经，大半用象征性表现手法，故事的细节和环境被省略，人物之间缺乏有机的联系，构图往往重复，形象比较概念化、公式化缺乏运动感和生命感。 3、耶稣生平的故
45、事大量出现在艺术上，耶稣被表现成为牧羊人，面部毫无表情。 4、风格上大致仍沿用罗马的旧传统，只是比较苦涩呆板。,（三）艺术表现,1、建筑 四世纪基督教成为合法后，在古罗马长方形的公共会堂“巴西利卡”的基础上发展新型的“巴西利卡式教堂”，它是中世纪教堂的母体。 四至六世纪时，巴西利卡式教堂著名的有（均在罗马）：,圣彼得（St. Peter）大教堂（约333年建，明细图1、2）。,圣马利亚马佐勒教堂（432440年）。,2、绘画,壁画 地下墓窟的四壁和顶部画了不少壁画，手法虽然较幼稚，形象却基本是仿照希腊罗马的，比如画成“善良的牧羊人”（镶嵌画，意大利拉文纳，普拉西迪亚陵庙入口上部，约520）的基
46、督、胜利女神式的天使等。还有各种线条组成的圆形或方形图案，中间有花环、鸟类、四足动物，还有四季的象征物作装饰母题（不死鸟、斑鸠、羔羊、鱼等形象都成为基督的象征）。,早在三世纪初，壁画上就有福音书和旧约故事，具有浓厚的希腊罗马的痕迹。五世纪的画风更强调轮廓线、绘画性和图示性也更强。,镶嵌画,早期基督教大量使用镶嵌画装饰教堂内部，使用的材料有彩色石块和彩色玻璃块，因其色彩闪烁神秘又经久不变色，更加强了教堂的神秘感。 现存的有罗马的君士坦察圆墓中的装饰壁画，绘有葡萄藤和采集葡萄的场面（葡萄代表耶稣，葡萄藤代表信徒）。,镶嵌画,罗马圣普邓齐安教堂中的壁画，描绘了圣徒为耶稣加冕的场面。耶稣被表现为有权有
47、势的宣教者和世界的新主人。在拉韦纳的一幅镶嵌画面包和鱼的奇迹（镶嵌画，意大利拉文纳圣阿波利那里诺沃教堂，504年）中基督着帝王紫色布披肩，也有相同的形象。,拜占庭艺术,（一）特色 所谓拜占庭艺术(Byzantine Art)，就是指东罗马帝国的艺术。从君士坦丁时代开始，公元3301453年。拜占庭帝国是宗教政治帝国，其艺术是为了荣耀基督，并表现其神奇而已。 大体来说，所有拜占庭的艺术都充满了精神的象征主义。重视心象，不容有写实主义的存在。 东罗马帝国被土耳其人灭亡后，拜占庭的艺术则继续在希腊、巴尔干半岛和俄罗斯等地流行。,（二）艺术表现,1、建筑 拜占庭建筑的中心结构是主穹窿，它控制整个建筑，
48、并用不同形式与辅助拱结合，创造出丰富的空间。 早期仍沿用“巴西利卡式”的教堂外，又发展出“集中式”。所谓“集中式”教堂就是采用穹顶，把穹顶支撑在四个或更多的独立支柱上的结构方法。典型代表作是索菲亚大教堂（土耳其伊斯坦堡，532537年查士丁尼时代），它的主要结构是一个巨大的圆顶大厅，体积之庞大，使用材料之珍贵，装饰之华丽，都是空前的。,经历了726-843年的“破坏圣像运动”之后，教堂又发展为“十字形平面式”式的建筑，今日威尼斯的圣马可教堂（建于10631094年）可见其踪迹。,有些地方的教堂，在精神表现上，有力求满足各阶层需要的形式。例如，威尼斯教堂上面的灯塔和圆球，是为渔民而作；莫斯科教堂
49、更多彩多姿，如冰淇淋造型的屋顶，是为乡下农民而作（进城看热闹，例如莫斯科圣瓦西里大教堂，1554-60）。,2、绘画,镶嵌画和壁画取代雕刻，成为教堂的主要装饰艺术。 镶嵌画有二种倾向： 一种是宣传神权思想，严格地服从教义，把耶稣画得像专制君主，如全能的基督（西西里蒙雷阿莱主教半圆室镶嵌画，约1183）；,另一种表现了人们的思想和愿望，把圣母画成为慈母，把耶稣画成钉在十字架受苦的贫苦人。这二种倾向一直持续地表现于整个中世纪艺术发展过程中。 耶稣受苦难的造型很普遍，这在早期基督教艺术上是尽量避免的，此时的艺术（九世纪以后）已能将感情渗入宗教中去。例如索菲亚教堂发现的镶嵌画中的耶稣（约作于十三世纪）
50、，已没有刻板和充满严肃的样子，而是带有温柔忧郁的表情，造型细腻，色调素雅。,手抄本插图以东方式的装饰色彩、风格化的形象处理和灿烂的金色背景为特征。它很像连环图画，内容表现圣经的故事，因当时还没有印刷术，而且文盲众多，所以用图画来教化之，如大卫演奏竖琴（取自君士坦堡巴黎诗篇，现藏巴黎国立图书馆，约950）。,3、雕刻,拜占庭艺术中大型雕像和最后皇帝的肖像一起消失，而石雕仅限于建筑上的装饰。小雕刻则继续把罗马文化传下去，只是缺少血肉的质感。,（三）拜占庭艺术观念的影响,影响东西方：从爱尔兰到俄罗斯皆信仰基督教。拜占庭的建筑师、画师、镶嵌画艺匠被各国竞相邀请传艺，同时把东西方各国艺术之长带回拜占庭和另外一些国家，对东西文化交流有贡献。 根植西方“万物生于一”的理念：古代信多神教，改信基督后，信唯一的神，是“一元论”的犹太思想，近代的共产主义、弗罗伊德性观念说皆是源于“一元论”的思想。,
