1、阅读理解 题型及技巧,( 一 ),天津市滨海新区大港栖凤中学 彭子娟,So, do with care.所以要小心,（一）阅读总量不少于1000个单词，设问共20个小题，总用词量逐年增加，阅读速度每分钟至少要50个以上单词，而且理解准确率应在80%以上。,（二）题材尽量多样化，包括日常生活、轶事传说、广告通知、报道、社会文化、史地、经济等。不同题材的文章应有不同的侧重点。天文史地、科普常识类，要留心事实和细节；人物传记、历史故事、幽默小品类，要领会文章的主题、写作意图、人物性格和特征等；社会文化教育、政治经济类要注意观点和结论；风土人情、日常生活，要留意（西方）文化与习俗等；新闻报道广告海报类
2、，要注意其独特的写作手法、事情的起因、经过、涉及的人物具体数字及作者的态度。,（三）体裁尽量避免单一化。因此我们务必熟悉文体格式，熟读并背诵一些范文，千方百计增加对语言经验的积累。,高考阅读理解命题的三个原则,（一）掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节;（二）既要理解具体的事实，也要理解抽象的概念;（三）既要理解字面意思，也要理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等;（四）既要理解某句、某段的意义，也要理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断;（五）既能根据材料所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。,阅读理解能力测试的要求,阅读理解题型归类及解题技巧,（一）
3、细节推理题,一般针对某个特定细节而提出，难度较小，,属浅层理解，通读短文后一般能直接找出答题依据。,解题方法：,1通读全文，领悟大意，理解文章结构层次及细,节，特别注意以下几个方面：,五个W(Who, where, when, which)和一个H(how)以及其他特殊之处；数字、日期、时间等；同位语、破折号、括号、省略号等；表示附加说明的词，如：by the way, besides, whats more, in addition to, including to, as well as等。倒装句及加强语气的词，如above all, mainly, mostly, certainly,
4、indeed等。,2选用排除法排除不符合原文细节的选项，剩下的就是要选择的最佳答案。,Practice,The cold is the most common of mans ailments. Yet it stumped the medical authorities. Many of more terrible diseases have come under the control of modern man as the result of the knowledge gained in the lab of science research. Investigators have
5、thought that the cold is usually caused by a virus. However, no method of studying this virus has been devised. The chimpanzee is the only animal to which the disease can be given experimentally. The use of this animal is limited by its cost and by the fact that so many of the animals die of pneumon
6、ia during the experiments. This leaves for all practical purposes only human volunteers to be used in research projects. Many inmetes of prisons have helped in this work, but because of these limitations, research into the cause and cure of cold has progressed very slowly.,Research into the cause an
7、d cure of colds has _. A. gone ahead very slowly B. gone ahead very quickly C. been very common D. been impossible,Well done,Choose the best answer,要求正确理解短文中一些关健词、短语或,句子的含义。常用的手段是利用多种表达法、词的多义性、同近义语替换、习语释义、句型或语态转换等。,1透彻理解题意，从短文中找到相关的词、短语或,句子，根据特定的语境判断理解，推敲斟酌，最后确定含义。 2 要熟悉常见的设问形式：,1) The underlined wo
8、rd in the paragraph refers to /means _.2) What does “_” in paragraph stand for /mean?3) “_” could best be replaced by which of the following?4) The expression /phrase “_” means _.5) The word “_” is closest in meaning to _.,Practice,When everyone agrees on a decision, the decision is unanimous. A. 无效
9、的 B. 一致通过的 C. 匿名的 D.有价值的,2. A food that contains good and healthy things is nutritious. A. 有营养的 B.鼓励的 C.珍贵的 D.稀少的,3. The farmer is the most important person in the movie. He is the hero. A.英雄 B.主角 C.偶像 D.象征,Congratulations!,主要对短文的结论、隐含意义（寓意）、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作的思路及目的等进行考查，,纵观全文，在汇集短文提供的各项信息的基础上，严格按照短文陈述的
10、观点或描述事实，进行正确的、合乎逻辑的推论和引申，包括事情的前因后果、人物的目的动机和性格特征、作者的倾向态度、语言中的语态和语气等。有时还可能会假设一种情况要求考生对原文中没有提及情况进行推理和想象，对题目中提出各种可能性进行推敲，从而选出符合原文信息或作者意图的最佳答案。,1读懂原文，抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容注意文章结构层次和逻辑关系，,并结合阅读材料外的有关生活、社会常识，仔细斟酌，作出准确的推断和引申。,2要熟悉常见的设问方式：,1) We can we infer /conclude from the passage that _. 2) It can be i
11、nferred /concluded (from the passage) that _. 3) The passage /story /author /paragraph implies, but does not directly state that _. 4) The authors /writers attitude towards is _. 5) What do you think would happen (to) at the end of the story?,Do you know the following sentences,Practice,Never before
12、 in history have people been so aware of what is going on in the world. Television, newspapers, radio keep us continually informed and stimulated our interest. The sociologists interest in the world around him is intense, for society is his field of study. As an analyst, he must be well acquainted w
13、ith a broad range of happenings and must understand basic social processes. He wants to now what makes the social what it is, how it is organized, why it changes in the way that it does. Such knowledge is valuable not only for those who make great decisions, but also for you, since this is the world
14、 in which you live and make your way.The passage chiefly concerns _. A. the work of a sociologist B. the new media C. modern society D. decision-makers,此类题主要针对的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次（主题句或主题段）、作者的写作目的(purpose)等方面，要求考生在准确理解全文后归,纳短文要点、概括中心思想，也分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节、人物特征和环境特点等。,1领会全文大意，灵活运用概念、判断、归纳、推理 等逻辑方法，真正理解文章的话题和
15、中心思想。一般而言，英语文章的话题往往用很少几个词加以概,括，通常具体反映在文章的题目或一段短文的小标题上；不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题，特点是新闻报道，第一段通常是故事的梗概(lead paragraph)，这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想，但也要注意，不少文章的中心思想也常贯穿于全文之中；英语文章讲究使用主题句和主题段。主题段通常在文章简要概括文章中心思想，而主题句(topic sentence)常在一段的开头，也有可能在段中或段末。其作用是交待该段的中心意思，段与段之间常有词语连接，承上启下，使文章连贯。要准确地理解一篇文章必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住,文章的脉络，即句与句之间，段
16、落与段落之间逻辑关系。,1) What I the main subject /the best title of the passage? 2) Which of the following is the best title for the passage? 3) The title that best expresses the main idea of the passage is _. 4) From the passage we know that _. 5) The main idea of this passage is _. 6) The passage is mainly
17、about _. 7) Choose the best title for the passage.,Do you know the following sentences,图示理解题中地图的一般坐标方位是“上北下南，左西右东”（特别标明方位的除外）。有时根据文章内,容提供一幅或多幅图（地图、示意图或其它图形），要求考生正确判断和选择符合原文内容的图示。,1先看问题和图示再读原文，要以原文提供的事实、逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，使自己的,思维模式与作者写作时的思维模式相吻合（词、短语或句子），分析其中的细节，找出符合图示所要求的必要条件：,1) Which of the following
18、 maps gives the right position of ? 2) Which of the following diagrams /pictures /figures shows the correct relationship between A.B and C? 3) Which of the drawings below gives an idea of what is /looks like?,常见的设问形式,A U.S. Couple have succeeded in a 55-meter fall over Horseshoe Falls in a barrel(木桶
19、) with only slight hurts. Horseshoe Falls is the Canadian part of Niagara Falls. Steven Trotter of Florida and Lori Martin of Atlanta treated at a hospital for small hurts after dropping over the falls as a Fathers Day show. Police took an hour to free the barrel wrapped with bulletproof (防弹的) mater
20、ial and covered in thick plastics, from rocks at the base of the fall.,Which of the following gives the correct relationship between Canada, Niagara Falls and Horseshoe Falls?,答题的基本步骤,1. 先看问题，再读文章：带着问题阅读短文，确定主攻方向，特别要注意首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题和用户服务，摘取有用的材料，舍弃无关的信息，有的放矢，高效省时。,2. 细读全文，认真推敲：针对题目的要求，细心阅读与试题有的词汇、句
21、子或段落，要特别留心一些信息词，它们既是检查的重点，也是把握全文意思的突破口。因此必须准确判断，仔细斟酌，以便选出最佳答案。,3. 复读全文，验证答案：在选出全部答案后，应将答案带入问题中重读全文，看前后意思是否贯通，有无矛盾，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，则要考虑重选答案。,注意事项,1所选有据，避免主观阅读他人作品，理解他人的意图，必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实、细节逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点和看法混为一谈，自以为是。文章中的数字、日期、时间、表限量的词或短语等都是设题的重点，若只注意明显的内容，正好走进实的陷井。若不注意虚的内容，想当
22、然答题多半会错。因此，必须学会“虚实结合”,2符合原文的答案正确答案最佳答案阅读题要求选的是最佳答案，有的答案从某个枝节来看是对，但从全文来看则不是最佳的。因此，必须通盘考虑，取主题，舍枝节。,3解题有法，但无定法，贵在得法。要答好阅读理解题，必须多读、巧读和善于思考。要不断扩大词汇量，拓宽阅读面，提高阅读速度，同时也要探索和总结适合自己方法或，实践出真知，多练出效益。,高考阅读理解题中细节题所占比例,命题特点及形式 事实细节题的干扰项经常是相关的事实细节，或者相关的语意表达方式。 常见的题干有：1. The right order which tells the story is _.2.
23、Choose the right order of the events given in the following.3. Which of the following maps shows the right position of .?4. Which statement is true? 5.Which of the following is mentioned /not mentioned ?,解题指导（一）以下试题要求学生利用文章所提供的具体信息来回答问题，答题依据可以在阅读材料中直接找到。细节性问题的命题方法是，选出原文中的一句话或片语，然后用同义词表达作为正确选项来提问。虽然答
24、案有时与原文出处在文字表达上不相一致，但所用词语意义非常接近，有时甚至原文的话就出现在选项中。细节性问题有两种基本形式：完全式和不完全式。例如：What were things like in the 1980s when accidents happened?The Suns light travels slowly when _.,实例1 : every hour on the half hour during the day.,实例2 : She continued to teach at school for several years after her marriage, then
25、 began offering college lessons in her home to women students. Some years later people remembered her for her life-long efforts and elected her to the US Hall of Fame in 1905.,解题指导（二）做细节性问题时需要注意以下几个方面： (1)每篇文章不论长短都有其中心思想，用以支持和发展中心思想的具体信息就是命题时的重要依据。答题时，学生要围绕中心思想，特别留意阅读材料中的有关数字、时间、专有名词、原因和特点等具体信息。 (2)
26、题干中的标识语是从阅读材料中快速寻找答题依据的“路标”。最常见的就是用引号所标识的关键词或标明的标识语所在的具体行数。例如：The authors attitude toward “most economists in the United States” (line 1) can best be describe as _. (3)另外，题干中的地名、人名、数字、日期、专有名词等也是寻找正确答案的路标。,实例3: with an average life expectancy of 71 years, doubling the figure in 1949 when New China wa
27、s founded.,实例4: Five hundred test-tube babies have been born in China. The countrys youngest test-tube babies was born on April 10 in Southwest Chinas Chongqing.,实例4: 2. Zhongshan Medical University and Beijing Medical University took the lead in the field, reporting the birth of more than 180 and 1
28、00 test-tube babies each. The research institute under Chongqing Womans and Babys hospital has used the new technology for 67 women, 27 per cent of whom became mothers.,实例5 :3-month (700 yuan), 6-month(1200 yuan) and one-year(2000 yuan) courses.Three/six-month English courses for students of all lev
29、els at very low cost: 60 yuan for 12 hours per week; 3-month course: 1050 yuna; 6-month course: 1850 yuan,解题指导（三） 做这种题型往往需要运用检索阅读方法(scanning)，即要注意题干中的标识语，带着问题有的放矢地在阅读材料中寻找某一个特定信息（日期、数字、专有名词等）的具体位置。学生不必逐行阅读，也不必考虑文章的结构布局。Scanning的具体步骤为：1）要时刻记住所要寻找的特定信息；2）应该快速沿纸页或栏目自上而下扫视，时刻期待着相关信息的出现；3）必要时可适当停留，辨别是否找到
30、了特定信息。,实例6 : 1. China International Exhibition Center Section for Chinas key science and technology achievements of the Ninth Five-Year Plan( 1996-2000),实例6 : 2. Environmental protection and energy section 2001 Forum on Bio-technology on Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine Sino-Italian
31、 Forum and Trade Fair for the Development of IT and Communications Technology,实例7 : An American group of hackers which calls itself Poizon Box had begun ruining Chinese web-sites On May 5, the White House website fell victim (受害者) to a denial of service attack that blocked access（通道）to the site for
32、more than two hour.,实例8 : 1. especially New Concept English teachers of middle schools and parttime vocational training schools,实例8 : 2. Seating offered for 21st Century readers is 20,实例8 : 3. This workshop is open to New Concept English teachers of middle schools and sparetime vocational training s
33、chools only.,实例9 : 1. Once there was no zeroTo write the number sixtythree，people wrote 63To write hundred and three，people wrote 6 3The space was there to mean“not any” tens,实例9 : 2. Once there was no zeroTo write the number sixtythree，people wrote 63To write hundred and three，people wrote 6 3The s
34、pace was there to mean“not any” tens,实例9 : 3. Later people used a dot（点）to hold the space,实例10 : 1. She was the only daughter and the youngest child of five,实例10 : 2. In 1896 the family moved to ChicagoThree years later they moved back to StLouis where Agnes spent the rest of her childhood,实例10 : 3.
35、 She enjoyed her years in school and was an excellent student of mathematicsShe also was quite skillful as a painter,阅读理解中推理题的解题技巧,阅读理解中常见的题型,1. 词义题2. 信息题3. 推理题4. 主旨题,推理题的题干常以这样的形式出现：* It can be concluded/inferred from the passage that* The author implies/suggests that* Whats the authors purpose in
36、writing* What information will be provided following this passage?,推理的技巧：,1. 理解文段的字面意思及含义。 2. 弄清楚自己要推理的是什么内容。 3. 利用文章明确表示的内容进行推理。,(NMET1999 B篇),Computer people talk a lot about the need for other people to become “computer-literate”. The computer experts have to learn not to tell people about comput
37、ers, but have to be able to answer all questions people ask, people dont have to learn computer terms, but experts have to explain in plain language. The computers are becoming “people-literate”.,57. We can infer from the text that “computer-literate” means _.A. being able to afford a computer.B. be
38、ing able to write computer programsC. working with the computer and finding out its valueD. understanding the computer and knowing how to use it,例2. NMET 2005 (D)KEYS: C; D; C,PRACTICE,66）推断写作目的 TOPIC SENTENCE /KEY WORDS70）推断作者观点 全面理解短文,把握中心思想,例3.NMET 2005上海卷 C篇 KEYS: D; A; C; B,PRACTICE,72）根据细节进行推理
39、 找到相关文段，同时吃透该文段的意思。75）推测下文的内容 根据作者的思路进行推理(LAST PARAGRAPH),*The paragraph preceding this one would most likely discuss _.,*推测上文的内容*关注第一段，特别是文段开始的几句话。,干扰项,* 短文内容的简单重复，不是推理得出的结论。* 与原文相反的内容。*与常识相吻合，但文中找不到证据的。* 文章没有涉及，纯属主观推断的结论。,例2. （D）Elder children should help the younger ones at dinner.,总结,1.根据细节进行推理,
40、必须吃透相关文段的意思。 2.推断作者的写作意图，应当关注主题句,同时把握文章的体裁也可以推断作者的写作目的。,总结,3.推断作者的观点，应当全面理解文章的内容及文章的中心思想。4.推断下文的内容，必须特别关注最后一段的内容,尤其是最后的两三句话。,把握高考命题方向，做好阅读理解题,05高考山东卷阅读理解简析,1.梯度不科学，不符合低头翘尾的命题规律， 如E篇阅读理解72-75得分率均高于70,2. 难度与全国卷，套相比偏易，全国卷一般定为0.51-0.52，而山东卷则大于0.6难题比数一般为4-5，而山东卷只有64和67 题小于40%，其中56-58大于71%,因此，06年高考有加大难度的趋
41、势，但不会违背稳中有升自然过度,阅读理解的命题趋势,近几年的高考英语试卷始终保持了“稳中有变，变中求新，立足语篇”的基本命题思路。在阅读理解方面主要有以下几个新变化。,（一）把学生对语篇的领悟能力作为检测的重点和基本点 高考英语阅读理解着重检测考生对语篇的整体把握，侧重考察考生根据语境所提供的提示进行语篇分析和综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力。而涉及较低能力需求的事实性和细节性考题的比例正呈逐年减少的趋势。,表（）,（二）选材更趋多样化，现代化和生活化，更突出语言与文化相结合的特点。就体裁而言，近几年的高考英语阅读材料所选取的文段涉及了记叙文，议论文，说明文和应用文等多种文体。内容涉及人物传
42、记，语言故事，活动记叙，社会文化，文史知识，科普小品等多个领域。体现了“语言是文化载体”这一重要理念。,表 (二),(三) 逐年大幅度增加阅读量，提高阅读速度的要求 近几年来高考阅读理解的阅读量一直大幅度递增，阅读量的不断增加意味着对阅读速度的要求越来越高。,表 (三),(四)加大了阅读材料的文字难度 1对词汇能力的要求有所提高 按照教学大纲要求，考生能以每分钟50-60 个单词的速度阅读含生词率为3%的文章。 此外，近几年在阅读材料中出现了大纲词汇表以外的词。在这些词中，凡是能利用构词法判断出词性和词义的词都不作为生词处理，不再给出汉语注释。 2 语篇结构较为复杂，阅读材料更趋于“原汁原味”
43、 阅读篇目在时间顺序，空间顺序或逻辑推理上，运用较高级的组篇手段。这种来源于真实语言材料的地道英语作品同考生平时在课本中接受的既清楚又明白的语篇是不一样的。因而学生读起来感到不顺手，需要反复几次才能读好。,二 掌握一定的阅读方法和技巧，提高阅读理解的正确率 针对高考阅读篇幅加长，阅读信息量增大的趋势。合理地对学生进行一些阅读技巧和方法的指导，会起到事半功倍的效果，大大提高确率。高考阅读题型设计一般为主旨大意类，事实细节类，推理判断类和猜词悟义类。下面就每一类题的方法和技巧展示一下。,（一）主旨大意类 主旨大意题考察考生对短文总体的把握程度。解答此类题时要抓住文章的主题句（topic sente
44、nce）。这种概括文章中心思想的主题句往往分布于文章的各个部分。文首呈现主题句。主题句位于段首是作者运用先立论，后摆事实，讲道理的写作手法，这种段落可称作演绎型段落。这是英语最常见的写作方法。开门见山提出主题，然后再用细节来解释，支持或发展主题句表达的主题思想。,文末出现主题句。 主题句位于文末是作者采用了先摆事实，后作结论的手法，这种段落称作归纳型段落。在表达细节后，归纳要点，得出结论或概括主题。,主题句位于段落的中间。主题句偶尔也位于段落的中间。这种段落是从支撑细节开始，发展到结论。当主题句出现后，又进一步用细节支持说明，按其顺序是：次要-重要-次要。,主题句隐含在文章中。有些文章没有明显
45、的主题句，而是需要考生把文中所有的细节综述起来，进行逻辑推理，概括归纳出文章的主题句。,主旨大意题的常见设问方式有：1.The main idea of the text is.2.The passage is mainly about3.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?4.The best title of the passage is5.What can be the best title of the passage?6.From the passage we ca
46、n conclude that7.The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with,二）事实细节类 它的特点是就文中某一事实或细节提问。考生需要在文章中找出相关的事实或细节。此类题的解题方法是：抓住提问中的关键字眼，仔细阅读材料内容，一般可以在短文中直接找到或稍加归纳就可以找到正确答案。 事实细节题目的常见设问方式有：1.Which of the following is true/false?2.All of the following may be true/false except?3.Which of the following is not t
47、he result of.?4.Which of the following maps shows the right way to get to.?5.Choose the right order of the events given in the passage?,（三）推理判断类 此类题型是阅读理解中较难的题型，多属于深层理解题。它要求考生根据上下文的内在联系充分挖掘文章深层的内涵，对暗含在文章中的因果关系，人物的目的动机以及作者未言明的倾向，态度和意图等进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。做此类题要注意两点：一要分清所考察的题是问作者的观点还是读者的观点。二不要脱离原文只凭自己的意愿胡乱推理或只凭常识推理。答案一定在文中找到依据或理由。,
