1、1,启-启动观点 承-内容承接 转-语义转折 合-总结概括,启、承、转、合,2,启-启动观点 开头段 Nowadays, a heated debate is springing up as to When it comes to As is shown in the picture/ table above, With the development of It is generally believed that,启、承、转、合,3,承-内容承接 拓展段 首先,第一: firstly/ above all/ to begin with/ first and foremost/ in the
2、 first place/ on the one hand/ for one thing 其次，第二: secondly/ besides/ in addition/ furthermore/moreover/ whats more/ in the second place/ on the other hand/ for another 最后，第三: at last/ the last but not the least/ even more,even worse/ more importantly,启、承、转、合,4,承-内容承接 拓展段 中间过渡：in the meantime/ mean
3、while/ as a matter of fact/ in fact/ actually/ obviously/ undoubtedly/ no doubt/ in particular/ to be specific/ similarly/ luckily/ in other words/ at the same time/ the same is also true of ,for/ for instance/ for example,启、承、转、合,5,转-语义转折 拓展段转折：however/ otherwise/ nevertheness/ conversely/ on the c
4、ontrary/ unfortunately/ unlike/ whereas/ yet/ by contrast/ instead/ the reverse is also true,启、承、转、合,6,合-总结概括 结尾段 因此：accordingly/ consequently/ as a consequence/ as a result/ therefore/ thus/ hence 总之：by and large/ in general/ on the whole/ generally speaking 结论：in short/ in brief/ in a word/ in con
5、clusion/ to sum up/ on the basis of the analysis above, we can draw a conclusion that/ given all the above factors,/ with the advantages and disadvantages weighed,启、承、转、合,7,七、写作的八大问题及对策6、语言的修补纠错问题 检查流程的6个环节： 1）主谓一致 2）时态：议论文常采用现在时 3）冠词：a/ an /the 4) 名词单复数 5）介词搭配 6）拼写错误,8,七、写作的八大问题及对策7、语言的升级替换问题 表明、揭示
6、: show indicate, reveal, reflect, demonstrate, convey the message that, imply, suggest, illustrate 重要的：important be of great importance, significant, vital, essential, critical, crucial, play a role in, should be taken seriously, importance should be attached to,9,七、写作的八大问题及对策7、语言的升级替换问题 极大的：great i
7、ncrease Sharp, dramatic, significant, enormous, numerous, considerable, profound 认为：think Believe, be convinced, suppose, assume, guess, reckon, insist, maintain, argue, claim, in ones opinion, be of the opinion/view that, hold the view that, as far as be concerned, in my eyes,10,七、写作的十大问题及对策8、语言的书写
8、问题书写工整,11,起始段写法 拓展段写法 结尾段写法,第二部分 段落（十种段落句型）,12,一、话题引出段/现象、现状说明段 Nowadays/ Currently, there is a great/wide/widespread concern over the issue of People in growing numbers are directing their attention to With the development of , the issue/ problem of has aroused deep concern from the public. With th
9、e rapidly growing popularity of .in china, the quality of our lives is improving for the better. There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of. Those who object toargue that. But people who favor, on the other hand, argue that,起始段写法（2种）,13,一、话题引出段/现象、现状说明段 6. With the rapid development of
10、 science and technology, the quality of our lives is improving for the better. 7. With the rapid growth of our economy/market economy,an increasing number of problems, such as., are beginning to surface/ emerge/occur./an increasing number of people come to realize that 8. When it comes to, peoples n
11、otion may vary from one to another. 9. when it comes to ., most people belive that But other people argue that,起始段写法（2种）,14,一、话题引出段/现象、现状说明段 10. .has become an increasingly important issue over which opinion is divided. 11. Different people have different attitudes towardsSome are in favor of while
12、others are against. 12. One thing that almost everyone is agreed on, including all of us, is that 13. As far as Im concerned, I am inclinded to support the latter view that 14.It is a striking fact thatIt is a undenying thatIt is inescapable fact that,起始段写法（2种）,15,一、观点对比段Currently, opposite views ar
13、e presented in the debate. Some people firmly believe that. On the contrary, quite a few people argue that,拓展段写法(5种),16,二、利弊列举段Every coin has two sides and this issue is no exception. Above all, In addition ,However, the negative elements should not be neglected not only but also even worse.,拓展段写法(5
14、种),17,三、举例论证段 For instance Take for a example A case in point is The thought-provoking saying can be best illustrated by the following examples.,拓展段写法(5种),18,四、原因列举段1. Why should this phenomenon take place? There are generally three factors accounting for it. 2. Considering every aspect of the issue
15、, we may attribute the sharp change to three factors.,拓展段写法(5种),19,五、意义阐释段 The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to The fact/ phenomenon that indicates/ reveals that. What is conveyed in the picture goes far beyond merely an issue of Instead, it carries the mess
16、age that,拓展段写法(5种),20,一、归纳结论段 As a result/ consequence, In conclusion, In my opinion, As far as I am concerned, On the basis of / taking into account all the factors above, we may draw a conclusion thatTrough the above-mentioned analysis, we have no difficulties in drawing the conclusion that From t
17、he above discussion, we can easily conclude that both proponents and opponents ofhave their respective reasons and justifications. However, as a supporter/opponent of , I would like to stand by/support/ aprove of ,结论段写法(3种),21,二、预测趋势段There is no denying that the tendency of increase/decline reflecte
18、d from the chart will continue in the future.,结论段写法(3种),22,一、观点对比型 基本模式：热门话题，利弊共存，观点针锋相对，考生阐述个人见解 Where to LiveIn the City or the Country? Outline: 1. Conveniences of the city2. Attractions of the country3. Disadvantages of both4. My preference,第三部分 作文四大主题题型,23,一、观点对比型 Where to LiveIn the City or th
19、e Country? 都市生活 优势 发达的教育(advanced level of education)便捷的交通(convenient transportation)繁荣的商业(prosperous business)丰富的文化娱乐(rich cultural life),第三部分 作文四大主题题型,24,一、观点对比型 Where to LiveIn the City or the Country? 乡村生活 优势 close to nature, fresh air, quiet and relaxing, idyllic and simple way of life, carefre
20、e 都市生活 劣势 polluted, crowded, noisy, pressures, temptations,第三部分 作文四大主题题型,25,乡村生活 劣势 boring, idle, sluggish, isolated from the outside world, inconvenient daily life 我的选择 自由选择，但是必须声明喜好原因，自圆其说,一、观点对比型,26,观点对比型作文模板 Topic: Topic: 参考的内容 When it comes to , different people hold different views . 两种观点针对的争论
21、焦点 Some contend that . 观点一 For one thing, . 观点一的理由1 For another, . 观点二的理由2In spite of all these claims, others maintain that . 与观点一对立的观点二 They point out that . 观点二的理由1 Another instance cited often is that . 观点二的理由2 Its no easy task to find a satisfactory answer to the issue. As for me, theres some t
22、ruth to both arguments . Its advisable to . 个人的结论,一、观点对比型,27,句型参考： The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. Obviously, it has both negative effects and positive effects. There are advantages and disadvantages. Like anything else, it has its faults. Nothing can equal Nothing is morethan,一、观点对比型
23、,28,句型参考： 两者相同 A is notany more than BThe same is true of A and B have several things in commonA bears some resemblances to B 两者不同 A, whereas BA and B differ in several ways,一、观点对比型,29,补充练习 Which to celebrate-West Festivals or Chinese Festivals? Cyber-caf- A Blessing or Curse? Private Cars-Advantage
24、s or Disadvantages?,一、观点对比型,30,基本模式：以阐释现象、分析原因、阐述观点为主 Advertisements on TV Topic sentence: Today, more and more advertisements are seen on TV screen.Outline: 1、current state现状2、reasons 原因3、My comments 我的评论,二、现象阐释型,31,Cultures-National and International Outline:1describe the picture and interpret its
25、 meaning;2.give your comments on the phenomenon. 图画作文的审题方式：以小见大，把握象征意义,二、现象阐释型,32,Cultures-National and International 写作提纲： 第一段：详细描述图画信息（外貌，表情，服饰） 第二段：图画揭示，随着中国国际地位不断提高，博大精深的中国文化吸引外国友人，通过文化交流，民族文化具有世界意义 第三段：提出文化交流使不同文化相互取长补短，共同发展，同时也提高了不同国家人民的审美情趣，开阔了视野。,二、现象阐释型,33,第一段：The picture vividly depicts a
26、lovely American girl dressed in traditional Chinese costume with a sweet smile on her face . She wears a pearl necklace, colorful ribbon, ear rings, and other accessories that are characteristic of the clothes of a Chinese minority nationality. Undoubtedly, the costume has added oriental glamour to
27、her beautiful features,二、现象阐释型,34,第二段：The picture tells that traditional Chinese culture appeals to foreigner. Since the successful application for hosting the Olympic Games in 2008 and the entrance into World Trade Organizatin, China has attracted more and more attention in the international commun
28、ity.,二、现象阐释型,35,第三段：Chinese civilization , a creation of unremitting efforts over 5000 years, appeals to foreigners to such a degree that they appreciate not only our food but also our costumes, arts and so on as well. Chinese culture is not only national but also international.,二、现象阐释型,36,第四段：Cultu
29、ral exchange certainly has much to offer. It is by no means a process of losing ones own culture to a foreign culture, but the one of enching a nations own culture. It can be said that cultural exchange will not result in the disappearance of the particular features of each culture. On the contrary,
30、 by exchanging and communicating, people all over the world could learn from each other. Thus, the vision of people will be broadened and their taste for arts improved. There is no doubt that cultural exchange between peoples and nations is helpful to each culture and each country.,二、现象阐释型,37,现象解释型作
31、文模板 Topic: Topic: 参考的内容 Recently, . 描述现象，引起话题 What amazes us most is . 表现较为典型的一个方面 It is true that . 对于现象做出的评论There are many reasons explaining . 承上启下,解释这一现象的原因 The main reason is . 说明原因一 What is more, . 原因二 Thirdly, . 原因三 As a result, . 讲述导致的结果Considering all these, . 作者的态度 For one thing, . 观点一 11F
32、or another, . 11观点二 12In conclusion, . 12总结全文,二、现象阐释型,38,通过漫画讽刺现实，针砭时弊，建议措施为主 基本模式：摆出现实中人类所制造的社会或环境生态问题（用主题、情景、图表或漫画），让考生描述现状或图表、分析数据，推理漫画作者的真实意图并提出可能解决措施。 第一段：描述情景现状/图画/图表的内容 第二段：指出问题所在（作者意图）/分析问题原因 第三段：给出解决措施,三、问题解决型,39,世界商业捕鱼简史Outline:Describe the pictures.Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the
33、pictures.Suggest counter-measures.,三、问题解决型,40,世界商业捕鱼简史,三、问题解决型,41,世界商业捕鱼简史 第一段：In those pictures we can see that a dramatic change has taken place in the world commercial fishing in the past century. When the fishing industry was not well developed in 1900, there were plenty of fish in the sea. Howe
34、ver, 1995, with an ever-increasing number of fishing boats, few fish could be found. It is clear that the abundant fishing resource has nearly been exhausted by over-fishing.,三、问题解决型,42,世界商业捕鱼简史 第二段：The drawer of the pictures intends to warn us that we should put an end to the uncontrolled commercia
35、l fishing before it is too late. We have to try our best to protect the natural resources while trying to make money to live a better life.,三、问题解决型,43,世界商业捕鱼简史 第三段： I think we can take some effective measures to deal with the problem of over-fishing. On the one hand, stricter laws should be enforced
36、 to confine fishing in certain areas and seasons so that the fish can have enough time to reproduce itself in mating seasons. On the other hand, the government should help people not only realize the value of limited natural resources but also cultivate a sense of social responsibility. Thus, we can
37、 keep a balance between the social development and the protection of natural resources.,三、问题解决型,44,问题解决型作文模板Topic: Topic：参考的内容 With the of ， . 问题出现的背景 So it is of great importance for us to . 提出问题 On the one hand, . 问题的后果一 On the other hand, . 问题的后果二 However, we have figured out many . ways to . 提出解
38、决这一问题的方法 Firstly, . 解决方法一 So long as . 进一步说明方法一 Secondly, . 方法二 Thirdly, . 方法三 In fact, . 提出解决问题的根本途径 11That is because . 11支持句的理由 12In a word, . 12总结全文,三、问题解决型,45,基本模式：作者通过情景描述/图画/主题句提出一个重 要论点，往往提出的是积极的正面的思想，让考生加以举例论证。 特殊情况：情景说明，举例论证段,四、观点论证型,46,四、观点论证型,47,Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 word
39、s based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your comments.,四、观点论证型,48,范文： 第一段：In the picture there are two handicapped men. When staggering alone, either one could hardly move a bit unless he relies on
40、 the crutches. However, when standing united with each other, they can stride ahead.,四、观点论证型,49,范文： 第二段：This picture is thought-provoking in that it reveals to us the importance of mutual help. Theres no doubt that no one is so advantageous that he could succeed in all aspects. Everyone, especially
41、when he gets into trouble, needs to learn from others to offset his own weakness so as to fulfil the mission almost impossible. Take the two handicapped men in the picture as an example. Dont you believe mutual help can make them stand united, thus overcome the difficulties in walking forward?,四、观点论
42、证型,50,范文： 第三段：One more convincing example is the cooperation that was once held between the Communist Party and the Nationalist Party. When the Japanese invaded China in the 1930s and 1940s, the two parties were both in difficulty and danger. However, putting their disagreement aside, at least for t
43、he time being, they fought together and managed to drive the aggressors away from the homeland. Could such a huge victory be obtained with one party fighting and the other standing aside? Thats actually the case we can come across much often in our life. Therefore, it is of great importance to coope
44、rate with others and work together with others.,四、观点论证型,51,观点论证型作文模板 Topic: _ Topic：参考的内容 It is well known that . 提出观点 The truth of it is self-evident. No one can deny . 观点的理论依据 Therefore, . 证明观点的正确性Many examples can be found to prove . 提出事实，论证观点 Take as a typical example. 提出具体的例子 People . 人们的习惯做法 F
45、urthermore, . 其他相关的事实It goes without saying that . 该观点在日常生活中的体现Then, . 重申该观点的正确性 11There is no doubt that . 11得出结论 12In conclusion, . 12总结全文,四、观点论证型,52,万能句型 英语写作的12种句型模版 万能字、词、句升级 常用字、词、句升级,第四部分 万能句型和句型模板,53,1.The above-mentioned issue results from the following factors./ Many factors are responsibl
46、e for the problem. To begin with, _. Whats more, _. Last but not the least, _. 2.There is no doubt that_. No one can deny that_.It goes without saying that_. 3. When it comes to the issue , different people have different opinions. 4.Just as any coin has two sides. I believe there is some truth to b
47、oth. If I am allowed to make a decision, I prefer _ to _ because _. 5.sth. is an indispensable part of sth.,万能句型,54,6.People can not imagine the world without_./ People can not imagine what the world would be like without_. 7.In my view, we have to think carefully before we make the decision to _. Q
48、uestion1 ? Question2 ? These questions need to be answered before we make the final decision. 8.in all walks of life 9.As an old saying goes, 10.Instead of doing sth, we should .rather than 11.It is true that, but eg. It is true that we cant do anything without money, but money is not everything. 12.attach great importance to sth.,
