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Safety Engineering 2.ppt

1、Introduction to Safety Engineering,安全工程概论(双语),2 A Brief History of Safety,安全发展简史,课文讲解,Of course, the need for safety has always been with us. 当然,我们随时都需要安全。 One of the earliest written references to safety is from the Code of Hammurabi, around 1750 B.C. 最早的有关安全的书面参考资料之一出自大约公元前1750年的汉莫拉比法典。 Code of Ha

2、mmurabi 汉莫拉比法典,课文讲解,His code stated that if a house was built and it fell due to poor construction, killing the owner, then the builder himself would be put to death. 这部法典规定,如果一座房子建好后,由于拙劣的建造而倒塌了,致使房屋的主人死亡,那么建造者将会处以死刑。 The first laws covering compensation for injuries were codified in the Middle Age

3、s. 第一批涉及工伤赔偿的法律在中世纪被编成法典。 compensation 补偿,赔偿 codify vt.编成法典, 使法律成文化 the Middle Ages 中世纪,课文讲解,Around 1834, Lloyds Register of British and Foreign Shipping was created, institutionalizing the concept of safety and risk analysis. 在1834年左右,劳埃德船级社创建,使安全和风险分析的概念制度化。 Lloyds Register of British and Foreign

4、Shipping劳埃德船级社 institutionalize vt. 使制度化,课文讲解,In 1877 Massachusetts passed a law to safeguard machinery and also created employers liability laws. 1877年,马萨诸塞州通过了一部旨在保护机械的法律,并制定了雇主责任法。Massachusetts 马萨诸塞州 safeguard vt. 维护,保护,捍卫 employers liability laws 雇主责任法,Lloyds Register of Shipping,世界上成立最早的船级社,为英国

5、的劳埃德船级社的简称。它于1760年在英国伦敦爱德华劳埃德咖啡馆成立,由此得名。1949年不列颠船舶登记社并入劳氏船级社。劳氏船级社总部设在伦敦,分支验船机构遍布世界上 280个主要港口,是世界上规模最大的船级社。劳氏船级社不受政府干预和资助,没有股东,经济来源依靠检验工作收取的费用。 其成立宗旨在于制定并修订船舶之建造、操作及维修标准,藉以评定船舶等级。同时并定期出版”Lloyds Register of British and Foreign Shipping”刊物劳氏船名录 ,即该验船协会之船舶年鉴。年鉴内容记载所有经Lloyds协会分级的船舶详细数据,以及世界上其它总吨位在100吨以上

6、的所有船舶数据。,Lloyds Register of Shipping,船级是表示船舶技术状态的一种指标。在国际航运界,凡注册总吨在100吨以上的海运船舶,必须在某船级社或船舶检验机构监督之下进行监造。在船舶开始建造之前,船舶各部分的规格须经船级社或船舶检验机构批准。每艘船建造完毕,由船级社或船舶检验局对船体、船上机器设备、吃水标志等项目和性能进行鉴定,发给船级证书。证书有效期一般为4年,期满后需重新予以鉴定。 船舶入级可保证船舶航行安全,有利于国家对船舶进行技术监督,便于租船人和托运人选择适当的船只,以满足进出口货物运输的需要,便于保险公司决定船、货的保险费用。,Register of S

7、hipping,挪威船级社,美国船级社American Bureau of Shipping”(简称AB),法国船级社,中国船级社,日本海事协会Nippon Kaiji Kyokai”(简称NK),英国劳氏Lloyds Register of Shipping”(简称LR),挪威船级社,课文讲解,At the end of the 19th century, a rash of boilers exploding gave urgency and impetus to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers to create the Boil

8、er and Pressure Vessel design codes and standards. 19世纪末,锅炉爆炸事件频繁发生,成为亟待解决的紧急问题,促使美国机械工程师协会制定了锅炉和压力容器设计规范和标准。 rash n. 爆发 (短时间内一连串事件的爆发) urgency n. 紧急,催促 impetus impitsn. 推动力,促进 Boiler n. 锅炉 pressure vessel 压力容器 codes 法规,课文讲解,Beginning in 1911 the United States saw safety groups forming , and the Nat

9、ional Safety Council was founded in 1913. 从1911年开始,安全团体逐渐在美国形成,并于1913年成立了国家安全委员会。National Safety Council 国家安全委员会,课文讲解,Around the 1920s private companies started to create formalized safety programs. 20世纪20年代左右,一些私营企业开始制定正式的安全计划。 The early 1930s was the beginning of implementation of accident prevent

10、ion programs across the United States. 30年代早期,是美国在全国范围内执行事故预防计划的开端。 By the end of the decade, the American National Standards Institute had published hundreds of industrial manuals. 到了30年代后期,美国国家标准学会已经发布了上百部行业指南。 formalized 正式的 safety programs 安全计划 accident prevention 事故预防 decade 十年,十 American Natio

11、nal Standards Institute 美国国家标准学会 industrial manuals 行业手册,行业指南,课文讲解,Most of the current safety techniques and concepts were born at the end of World War II. 现在的安全技术和概念大多数产生于二次世界大战末期。 Operations research led the way, suggesting that the scientific method could be applied to the safety profession. 运筹学一

12、马当先,提出科学的方法可以适用于安全专业。 In fact, operations research gave some legitimacy to the use of quantitative analysis in predicting accidents. 事实上,运筹学给定量分析应用于事故预测一定的合法性。 lead the way 带路,示范 legitimacy lid3itimsin.合法(性), 正统(性) quantitative kwntittiv adj.数量的, 定量的 quantitative analysis 定量分析 predict v.预知, 预言, 预报,课

13、文讲解,However, the system safety concept and profession really started during the American military missile and nuclear programs in the 1950s and 1960s. 然而,系统安全的概念和专业真正产生于20世纪50年代到60年代的美国军事导弹和核计划时期。 Liquid-propellant missiles exploded frequently and unexpectedly. 液体燃料推进导弹经常出人意料的爆炸。 liquid-propellant 火

14、箭引擎中之液体燃料 unexpectedly adv.出乎意料地, 想不到地,课文讲解,During that period the Atlas and Titan programs saw many missiles blow up in their silos during practice operations. 在那个时期,大力神计划见证了许多导弹在实际操作过程中于发射井中爆炸的事故。 Atlas and Titan programs大气应用与科学实验室美国科学卫星计划 Atlas (Atmospheric Lab for Application & Science) 大气应用与科学实

15、验室 Atlas 宇宙神美国运载火箭 Titan 希神提坦,太阳神,巨人 blow up 爆裂,突然爆炸 silo n.筒仓, 地窖, 空竖井, (导弹)发射井,课文讲解,Some of the accident investigations found that these failures were due to design problems, operations deficiencies, and poor management decisions. 从一些事故调查结果中发现,这些故障是源于设计问题、操作缺陷和管理决策失误。deficiency n.缺乏, 不足,课文讲解,Becau

16、se of the loss of thousands of aircraft and pilots during the same time frame, the U.S. Air Force started to pull together the concepts of system safety, and in April 1962 published BSD Exhibit 62-41,“System Safety Engineering for the Development of Air Force Ballistic Missiles“. 由于在同一段时间内,美国空军损失了数以

17、千计的飞行器和飞行员,因此他们开始对系统安全的概念进行收集整理,并于1962年4月发布了BSD Exhibit 62-41标准,即“开发空军弹道导弹的系统安全工程”。 time frame 期限 pull together 合作,合力,聚拢 ballistic 弹道的,弹道学的,课文讲解,Safety was also starting to enter the public mind. Ralph Nader publicized safety concerns during the mid-1960s and started making people aware of how dange

18、rous cars really were with his book, Unsafe at Any Speed (published in 1965, Grossman, NY). 安全也开始逐渐进入公众意识中。在20世纪60年代中期Ralph Nader宣扬要关注安全,并以他的任何速度都不安全(发表于1965年,Grossman,纽约)一书,开始让人们意识到汽车有多么危险。Safety was also starting to enter the public mind. 安全也逐步开始引起公众的注意。 Ralph Nader 拉尔夫.内德 publicize v. 宣扬 safety c

19、oncerns 关注安全 unsafe at Any Speed 在任何速度下都不安全,课文讲解,He continued being a powerful voice to the U.S. Congress to bring automobile design under federal control and to regulate consumer protection. 他继续强烈呼吁美国国会应将汽车设计纳入联邦管理之下,并规范对消费者权益的保护。 federal 联邦的,课文讲解,In the United Kingdom in the early 1960s, Imperial

20、Chemical Industries started developing the concept of the HAZOP study (a chemical industry safety analysis). In 1974 it was presented at an American Institute of Chemical Engineers conference on loss prevention. 20世纪60年代早期,在英国,帝国化学工业公司开始发展危险与可操作性分析的概念(一种化学工业安全分析法),并在1974年的美国化学工程师学会的一次有关损失预防的会议上提出了这一

21、概念。 Imperial Chemical Industries 帝国化学工业公司 HAZOP = HAZard and OPerability 危险和可操作性分析,名词讲解,HAZOP is an abbreviation for HAZard and OPerability analysis. Originally developed for use at manufacturing facilities such as oil refineries, offshore oil platforms, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural ga

22、s processing plants and power plants, its application has expanded to other areas as well. It is a systematic method for examining complex facilities or processes to find actual or potentially hazardous procedures and operations so that they may be eliminated(消除) or mitigated(减轻). HAZOP Studies are

23、performed by a team consisting of plant operators, engineers, managers and others, some of whom should be intimately(密切地) familiar with the facility being studied.,The U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sponsored government-industry conferences in the late 1960s and early 197

24、0s to address system safety. American Institute of Chemical Engineers 美国化学工程师学会 loss prevention损失预防 美国航空航天局在1960年代末,1970年代初资助了政府和行业之间的讨论会来讨论系统安全问题。,课文讲解,Part of this was safety technology transfer from the “man-rating” program to develop ballistic missiles safe enough to carry humans into space of t

25、he Mercury program. 部分议题是关于来自“人的价值估计”项目的安全技术转让,将其用于水星计划开发足够安全的运载火箭,把人类送到太空。 transfer 转换,转移 ballistic missile 弹道火箭(导弹),运载火箭 Mercury program 水星计划,课文讲解,In 1970 the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) published industrial safety requirements. 1970年,职业安全与保健管理总署公布了工业安全要求。 Later in the dec

26、ade, the U.S. military published Mil-Std-882,“Requirements for System Safety Program for Systems and Associated Subsystem and Equipment.“ 70年代后期,美国军方发布了军标822:关于系统和相关子系统与设备的系统安全程序要求。 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 职业安全与保健管理总署,课文讲解,This document is still considered the cornerston

27、e of the system safety profession. It is one of the most cited requirements in procurement contracts. 这一文献至今仍被认为是系统安全专业的基础。这是一部在采购合同中引用得最多的要求。 Most of the safety analysis techniques were created during the heady days of safety from the 1950s to 1980s. 大多数安全分析技术都产生于20世纪50年代到80年代这一段安全的兴旺时期。 procuremen

28、t prkjumnt contracts 采购合同 cornerstone 墙角石, 基础 profession 专业,职业 heady days 兴旺时期,课文讲解,OSHA published a process safety standards for hazardous materials in 1992. 1992年,职业安全与保健管理总署发布了危险原料处理安全标准。 This is one of the strongest cross-fertilizations of system safety techniques taken from various industries a

29、nd applied to the chemical industry. 这是来自于各种行业并应用于化工行业的系统安全技术的最强烈融合而形成的标准之一。 hazardous materials 危险原料 cross fertilization 异花受精,课文讲解,It is obvious that the system safety engineering profession, like all professions, has evolved(发展,进化,演变)over time. 很显然,系统安全工程专业,像所有专业一样,是随时间而发展的。 In most cases, out of

30、necessity - an unacceptable number of deaths, accidents, and loss of revenue -engineers have been forced to take a more serious approach to designing safety into both systems and products. 除了必须的情况外,如造成了不可接受的死亡人数、事故和税收损失,在大多数事例中,工程师们并不需要非得采取更加严格的方法来保证系统和产品的设计安全。 Out of necessity 由于必要,出于必要 Loss of revenue 税收损失,课文讲解,Any Question?,

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