1、说明文、议论文段落写作,段落写作,英语段落有比较固定的模式：全段一般分为三部分，即主题句，扩展句和总结句。也可以说英语的段落通常采用的事总分总的结构。这种结构也可以由变形，如总分或分总。,例如：总分总The weather in March was unpredictable. One day there was heavy ground fog, and the next day was clear. It rained for a few days and cleared up ,and then it rained again. One day the temperature range
2、d from 45 degrees to 75 degrees , and the next day the temperature stayed around 55 degrees all day long . It was difficult to plan activities or know what to wear with such unpredictable weather .,例如：总分The world has enjoyed many benefits from the invention of the telephone . For example ,people can
3、 contact with families and friends who live far away through telephones .And the telephone has also contributed greatly to efficient communication in the world of business. Besides, telephone shortens the distance between oceans and continents as people living in different continents can talk with e
4、ach other through telephones .,例如：分总Some people argue that private cars can bring convenience and mobility to the owners. If more people buy cars , the automobile industry will develop dramatically . whats more , the growth of automobile industry can trigger the boom of other important industries su
5、ch as iron and steel production , energy and technological application . In short , they are in favor of developing private cars .,一、如何写好主题句,1. 表达段落的中心思想，使段落中其他句子能围绕它组成一个整体。 2. 句子不能太笼统，应表达一个确定的观点和态度。例如： Women are going out to work . The air is dirty . 这两句不能做主题句，因为它们没有表达出任何的观点。而 Private cars also hav
6、e a lot of disadvantages, which should not be neglected . New scientific discoveries nearly always bring to mankind a blessing .,3. 句子不能太具体。属于描述细节的句子，不能做主题句。例如： Sports can make us healthy both physically and psychologically. As we all know , sports are good to our health .,一、如何写好主题句,4. 预示段落展开的方向和方法。
7、例如: -There are many reasons for this social phenomenon, but in general, they come down to three major ones . -There are two advantages for students to take part-time jobs. -We must take some effective measures to solve the problem of water shortage. 5. 一般出现在段落的开头部分,一、如何写好主题句,二、如何写好扩展句,例如：My View on
8、Students Selecting Their Lecturers There are several factors for students to consider when choosing their lecturers. For one thing , the lecturers academic background plays a significant role in the decision .An ideal lecturer may give the students much knowledge in his or her specific field .For an
9、other , the students should take the lecturers character into account .Without good character , a lecturer cant set a good example for the students .Whats more , the ideal lecturer is the one who has an interesting teaching style and a good reputation among the students,三、一致性原则,例1：I am a very indepe
10、ndent person. I always do things for myself. I dont like people do things for me, helping me, or giving me things. Its not that I dont appreciate it. I just feel that when someone does something for you then you owe them, if there is one thing I dont like to feel, its that I owe anyone anything.,三、一
11、致性原则,例2：Internet has many favorable aspects. To begin with, it provides tremendous most updated and useful information and greatly enriches our knowledge. Besides, it brings much convenience to us and greatly facilitates our daily life. Whats more, it can help our country keep up with others in the
12、outside world.,四、连贯性原则,例1：Pollution is a serious problem man has ever met. There are many sources of pollution. There are mainly three. The exhaust from engines, smokes from chimneys, poisonous gas from factories make air dirty, harmful to health. The dirty and poisonous water from the cities and fa
13、ctories pollutes the rivers, lakes, and even coastal sea. Garbage, junk and other solid wastes take up too much land. The earth is becoming dirtier and dirtier.,调整后的段落如下：Pollution is a serious problem man has ever met. There are many sources of pollution，but in general , they come down to three majo
14、r ones .For one thing, the exhaust from engines, smokes from chimneys, poisonous gas from factories make air dirty, harmful to health. For another, the dirty and poisonous water from the cities and factories pollutes the rivers, lakes, and even coastal sea. In the third place, garbage, junk and othe
15、r solid wastes take up too much land. So its time that we took effective measures to solve the problem of pollution now.,四、连贯性原则,例2：I am sure you will enjoy your holiday here . I know you are fond of swimming .A river lies not far away from my home . We can go swimming there . I think it would be ve
16、ry pleasant and refreshing to swim in such hot summer days . In every big room of my home there is an air conditioner . We can watch TV , play VCDs or read books very comfortably at home .,调整后的段落如下：I am sure you will enjoy your holiday here，for I know you are fond of swimming ，and it happens that a
17、river lies not far away from my home. So we can go swimming there. I think it would be very pleasant and refreshing to swim in such hot summer days. Besides, in every big room of my home there is an air conditioner. We can watch TV, play VCDs or read books very comfortably at home .,五、常用过渡性词语及句型,1.
18、表示举例（exemplification）:通常要出现引出举例的主题句 1) Smoking is harmful to health . （主题句）For example , smoking may cause lung cancer , heart diseases and high blood pressure.,练习：因特网与人们的生活话题 2) Internet brings much convenience to us and greatly facilitate our daily life. （主题句） To illustrate , we can almost do ever
19、ything online by just staying at home .We can not only get all kinds of useful information or the educational programs from the long-distance educational system, but also shop on the website, order books, reserve hotel rooms. And we can even buy and sell stocks on the net and do E-business and send
20、e-mails.,练习： 电脑与人们生活 3) Computer also has some disadvantages. （主题句） For instance , it may distract the students attention . And some students may be absorbed in computer day and night without doing anything . This may have a bad impact on their study. Besides, they may make use of computers to do so
21、me illegal things.,五、常用过渡性词语及句型,2. 表示比较（comparison） 1) The French cook wonderful foods .Similarly, the Chinese are very good at cooking. 2) In the United States, childbearing has lost its appeal for many American women. Likewise, more and more Chinese women put off having a child.,五、常用过渡性词语及句型,3. 表示
22、对照（contrast） 1）In the past people thought that it was good to have a big family and that when children got old enough to work, they could bring in money and take care of their parents. On the contrary, young people now regard children as a liability, both financially and emotionally. 2）On the one ha
23、nd, Internet has many favorable aspects. But on the other hand, it also has many unfavorable aspects.,五、常用过渡性词语及句型,3. 表示对照（contrast） 3）Free choosing of lecturers may bring to the students many advantages, such as (表示举例) encouraging students to take an active part in class and putting more pressure o
24、n lectures to improve their teaching quality. Nevertheless, it also brings along the terrible fact that some top lecturers will be ignored if they are not able to please the students.,五、常用过渡性词语及句型,4. 表示举例（enumeration） 注意：这些表顺序的词或短语后面都有逗号，跟上完整的句子。在列举之前要有主题句。,4. 表示举例（enumeration） Fake commodities do a
25、 lot of harm to society.（引出危害的主题句）First ,fake commodities do harm to the consumers interests, Besides, they also destroy the reputation to the real product in consumers market because it is usually difficult for consumers to tell the fake from the genuine and they will not trust the sellers of genui
26、ne commodities either. Worst of all, they may bring about disasters because using fake commodities of inferior quality will cause accidents and endanger to consumers lives.列举危害（列举危害或弊端时通用过渡词Whats worse, Worse still, Worst of all）,五、常用过渡性词语及句型,练习：主题句：人们应该打击盗版，piracy Its high time that everyone starte
27、d the battle against piracy. (引出措施的主题句) First, customers should develop their consciousness to resist the pirated products. Second, the government should take effective measures to put an end to piracy. Finally laws must be strictly enforced to completely ban piracy. 列举措施,五、常用过渡性词语及句型,5. 表示原因（cause）
28、 1) Since many citizens have been used to their life at home, traveling abroad becomes one of the easiest ways to have direct contact with foreign cultures.,五、常用过渡性词语及句型,练习：一些人反对烟花爆竹，原因是。 2) Some people advocate that firecrackers should be banned because we had heard of too many instances of firecra
29、ckers injuring people and causing fires.,五、常用过渡性词语及句型,6. 表示结果(result) 1) Celebrating foreign festivals has enriched the college life, thus making the campus a more pleasant place to live on.,五、常用过渡性词语及句型,6. 表示结果(result) 2) Those who desert honesty for immediate profits will sooner or later be found out cheating and labeled as dishonest. And as a result, people will never believe him any longer.,
