1、要点汇总,Unit 1,Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. Global village: All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electr
2、onic communications, especially the Internet. Melting pot: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Cultural Diversity: the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.,The c
3、oncept of culture,Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.,What are the three ingredients of culture?,1. Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce) 2. behavior (what they do
4、) 3. concepts (beliefs, values, world views) (what they think),The aspects of culture that are explicit, visible, taught.,The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.,How to understand Cultural Iceberg,Characteristics of Culture,Culture is shared. Culture is learned. Encultura
5、tion(文化习得) : all the activities of learning ones culture are called enculturation. Culture is dynamic. (pg. 6) Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. Culture is ethnocentric(文化中心主义). Et
6、hnocentrism: the belief that your own cultural background is superior.,Communication,Communication: meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural percep
7、tions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event (p.9-10).,Source The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding
8、is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication. Noise
9、The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.,Components of Communication,Receiver The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Decoding Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. Receiver response It refer
10、s to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.,Components of Communication,Context The final component of commun
11、ication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.,Components of Communication,Process of Communication,Characteristics of Communication,Communication is dynamic Communication is irreversible. Comm
12、unication is symbolic. Communication is systematic. Communication is transactional. (pg. 8) Communication is contextual. (pg. 8),Unit 2-4 Verbal Communication,Pragmatics: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics: the study of the meaning of words. Denota
13、tion: the literal meaning or definition of a word - the explicit, particular, defined meaning. Connotation: the suggestive meaning of a word - all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning. T
14、aboo: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. Euphemism: the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.,How is Chinese addressing different from Ame
15、rican addressing? (p22-23),Addressing by names,Name order Surname + given name / He Xiangu Given name + surname (AE)/ Linda Smith Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (pg. 23) In China seniority资历 is paid re
16、spect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors.,Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show
17、politeness and respect. (pg. 23) The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.,Addressing by relationship,,Company Logo,Another common Chinese form of address is the use of a
18、persons title, office, or profession to indicate the persons influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (pg. 24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.,Address
19、ing by title, office, profession,Unit 5 Nonverbal Communication,Chronemics: The study of how people perceive and use time. Monochronic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. Polychronic time: being involved with many things at once. Proxemics: the perception and use of space.
20、Kinetics: the study of body language Paralanguage: involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.,M-time vs. P-time(p.97）,1. Monochronic time (M-time) M-time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. 2. Polychronic time (P-time) P-time means
21、being involved with many things at once.,Unit 6 Cross-gender Communication,How is gender different from sex? (p120),Unit 6 Cross-gender Communication,What has influenced the gender socialization? (P.121) There are two primary influences on gender socialization: Family communication, particularly bet
22、ween mothers and children and recreational interaction among children.,Unit 7,Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture (p153),Unit 9,A planetary culture: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism. Intercultural person: represents som
23、eone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.,What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?,Identify the features of each of four Hofstedes cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the cases.,
