1、语法和词汇知识的备考策略,贾宏业,从考试说明和考点分布谈备考 从知识体系构建谈备考 从考点高考命题的考点分布谈备考 高考单项选择题的命题方法谈备考,语法和词汇是高考英语的两大支柱考点，是考试的难点但并非真正的重点！但没有语法和词汇的基础，阅读与写作就无从下手。因此，对待语法和词汇题，特别是单项选择题块，我们只能在备考的战略上重视它，但不必在战术上重视它！,2006年全国高考各地英语试卷考点分布,2006年全国高考包括自主命题的省份共18套题，从06年高考试题来看，词汇与语法考查的考点主要分布在如下19项：动词与动词短语28、动词的时态与语态32、非谓语动词35、情态动词与虚拟语气16、定语从句
2、12、状语从句18、名词性从句18、形简单句6、并列句7、容词和副词21、介词与介词短语13、数词3、冠词9、代词11、名词9、主谓一致5、倒装、强调与it的用法14、交际用语22。共计275导单选题，其中动词考查了111道题，交际用语22道题。,2006年安徽卷考点分布,动词与动词短语2、动词的时态与语态1、非谓语动词3、名词性从句1、形容词和副词1、介词与介词短语1、代词2、主谓一致1、倒装1、交际用语2。没考情态动词与虚拟语气、定语从句、状语从句、并列连词与感叹词、数词、名词、冠词、陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句、强调与it的用法。,综观2006年各省市的和安徽卷的命题，根据06年高考命
3、题“回归基础” 的导向，在难度上较之前几年有不少程度的降低。测试的内容上可以回归的比较典型、比较基础或者是重大的语言现象上。但在命题方法和技巧做了调整，增加了干扰。考查主要以实词为主、强调了语言环境、注重了语言的交际性。 下面我把我在复习过程中的一些做法向各位专家汇报一下。经过第一轮的复习，学生对语法有了全面地了解但不是十分的系统。二轮复习，老师的任务是帮助学生把比较零散的语法词汇知识系统化，并使之转化成能力。,第一部分 如何构建知识体系,简单句 （时间）+ 主语 + 谓语 + 状语（方式+地点+时间） Great changes have taken place in my home tow
4、n in the past ten years. You must finish reading these books in two weeks. 谓语-时态（过去、现在、将来）、语态（主动和被动）、语气（陈述、祈使、虚拟）,主谓结构,不及物：He lived in Beijing last year. He is speaking in the room. Listen carefully!Would you go there? If I were you, I would go.,主谓宾结构,单宾语：此结构是由主语+谓语+宾语够成。其中的谓语动词须是及物的动词或及物的动词词组。宾语须是名
5、词或相当于名词的成分。 He is speaking English now.He saw a film yesterday. The desk is made in Beijing.,主谓+间宾+直宾,双宾语：间宾（人）直宾（物）此结构由主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）组成。如， He brings me cookies every day. She made me a beautiful dress. 但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for,如， He brings cookies to me every day. She made
6、 a beautiful dress for me. 用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。 用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask, owe,hand, pass等。 （需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare,等,主谓宾
7、宾补,I considered him a good man, He asked me to leave. I found him lying on the ground. I found that the house had been broken into and a lot of things stolen.,主系表结构,系动词(feel, smell, sound, look, taste, come , go become turn) The dish tasted delicious. The flowers are sweet. The flowers smell sweet.
8、The flowers smelling sweet attract a lot of visitors.,谓语与非谓语的关系,He lay there and looked into the sky. He lay there, looking into the sky. The book written by him sells well. The fallen leaves have rotten.Dont sit there _ nothing. Come and help me with this table. 【06湖北-34】A. do B. to do C. doing D.
9、and doing,Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to _ since the flood hit the area last Friday. 【06山东-33】A. have been missing B. have got lost C. be missing D. get lost例3_ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. 【06四川-33】A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face,并列句,I
10、t rains. I will stay home. It rained. I stayed at home. It rained so /and I stayed at home.,复合句,Because it rained yesterday, I stayed at home. There are 50 students in our class. Thirty of them are girls. There are 50 students in our class and 30 of them are girls. There are 50 students in our class
11、, 30 of whom are girls.,独立主格,It raining, I stayed at home. With the problems to settle, the boss felt worried. With the problems settled, the boss felt relaxed He walked in the street. He met with his old friend. walking in the street, he met with his old friend.,根据分别作主语、宾语、状语、定语、谓语的词可以帮助学生把语法联系起来。所
12、谓的中心就是以动词为核心，明确什么样的动词是谓语（即有正确的时态、语态和语气的动词形式就是谓语动词）。明确谓语和非谓语的关系，明确非谓语与其逻辑主语的关系。语法基本就串讲完了，帮助学生做一个语法结构图，使他们的知识系统化。,第二部分 高考命题单项填空的考点分布,一、高考英语热点动词 1、连系动词 2、感官动词3、使役动词 4、含情感色彩的动词5、后接不定式动词 6、后接V-ing形式动词7、后接不定式与V-ing形式意义不同动词8、进行时态表将来意义动词 9、主动形式表达被动词10、虚拟语气动词 11、省略替代类12、否定转移类 13、带介词to的动词短语类14、瞬间动词 15、计划未能实现类
13、16、dress、seat类,1、连系动词,1.It was already past midnight and only three young men in the tea house.【06安徽-24】A. left B. remained C. delayed D. deserted 2.The traffic lights _ green and I pulled away. 【06广东-24】 A. came B. grew C. got D. went 3.Someone who lacks staying power and perseverance is unlikely t
14、o _ a good researcher. 【06山东-25】A. make B. turn C. get D. grow 4.Tom sounds very much in the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it.【06安徽-28】A. interested B. interestingC. interestingly D. interestedly,连系动词按其所表示的意义可分为以下四种： 1.变化类 表事物发展变化的过程，如go, come, become, turn, grow, get, fall 等。 2. 感觉类 表人
15、体部位的感受，如feel, smell, taste, look, sound等。 3. 状态类 表事物所处的状态，如keep, come, run, remain, stand, lie, stay, prove, turn out等。 4. 外表特征类 表外表给人的印象，如appear, seem, look 等。 连系动词的作用是后接形容词或相当于形容词的结构作表语。除了少数几个（如feel， get, become, grow等）外，不用于进行时态和被动结构。,2、感官动词,The mother felt herself _ cold and her hands trembled as
16、 she read the letter from the battlefield. 【06上海-36】 grow B. grown C. to grow D. to have grown,2、感官动词,常考的感官动词有look at, see, watch, notice, observe, listen to, hear, feel, find, catch 等。感官动词的主要作用是后接非谓语动词的不同形式作宾语补足语，表达不同的含义。1. 后接不带to的不定式表示一个发生过或者还没发生具体的动作。 I often heard the song sung, but I have never
17、 heard you sing it. 2. 后接 V-ing形式表正在进行的动作。 Hearing this, I felt my heart beating fast. 3. 后接V-ed形式表被动意义。 After his return twenty years later, he found his home town greatly changed.,3、使役动词,1.Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth. (04天津卷)A. run B. running C. being run D. to run 2.Laws tha
18、t punish parents for their childrens actions against the laws get parents _. （04重庆卷） A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry 3.A computer can do only what thinking people _. （99上海卷）A. have it do B. have it doneC. have done it D. having it done,3、使役动词,表“致使”意义的动词称之为使役动词，如make, let, have, keep, lea
19、ve, set, send 等。使役动词的作用是后接非谓语动词的不同形式作宾语补足语，表达不同的含义。分以下三种情况：1. make, let, have等后接不带to的不定式，表“使/让某人/某物做某事”。在被动结构中不定式须带to，但是have不用于被动结构中。2. have, keep, leave, send, set, get等后接V-ing形式，表持续性动作。3. have, keep, leave等后接V-ed形式，表被动含义。,4、含情感色彩的动词,1.A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending,
20、but the reader must not be left _.【06天津-7】 A. unsatisfied B. unsatisfying C. to be unsatisfying D. being unsatisfied 2._ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. 【06全国I卷32】 A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising,4、含情感色彩的动词,这类动词有excite, inspire, encourage, interest,
21、 satisfy, delight, please, move, frighten, surprise, amaze, astonish, shock, worry, disappoint, discourage, exhaust, puzzle, tire, terrify等。情感动词后接指人的名词或代词作宾语，有V-ing和V-ed两种形式，在句中作宾语和表语，V-ing形式指事物，V-ed形式则指人。,The story must not left the reader unsatisfied.,5、后接不定式动词类,I cant stand _ with Jane in the sam
22、e office. She just refuses _ talking while she works. 【06北京-35】A. working ; stopping B. to work ; stopping C. working ; to stop D. to work ; to stop,5、后接不定式动词类,后接不定式动词类： afford, agree, choose, determine, expect, decide, learn, offer, manage, hope, want, wish, promise, refuse, fail, pretend, happen等动
23、词，后跟不定式作宾语。,6、后接V-ing形式动词类,1.It is difficult to imagine his _the decision without any consideration. 【06陕西-13】A. accept B. accepting C. to accept D. accepted2.- There is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man.- My goodness! I cant imagine _ that old. 【06江苏-32】 to be B. to have been C. be
24、ing D. having been,6、后接V-ing形式动词类,该类动词常考的有appreciate, avoid, bear, consider, dislike, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, hate, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, postpone , resist, risk, cant stand, suggest 等。这些动词须接 V-ing形式作宾语。,7、后接不定式与V-ing形式意义不同动词类,1.If you think that treating a woman well means alwa
25、ys _her permission for things, think again. 【06湖南-28】 A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting 2.After he became conscious, he remembered _ and _on the head with a rod. 【06江西-29】 to attack; hit B. to be attacked；to be hit C. attacking；be hit D. having been attacked； hit,7、后接不定式与V-ing形式意义不同动词类,8、进行时态表将来意义
26、动词类,Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane _. 【06福建-24】 A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off,8、进行时态表将来意义动词类,这类动词一般为表位置移动或方向性动词，如begin, go, come, start, arrive, take, leave, move等。例如：,9、主动形式表达被动含义,The water _ cool when I joined into the pool for morning e
27、xercise. 【06全国I卷29】 A. was felt B. is felt C. felt D. feels Books of this kind _ well.（99上海卷） A. sell B. sells C. are sold D .is sold,9、主动形式表达被动含义,1.某些实义动词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义，这类动词有sell, wash, write, last, read, wear等。这种“动词副词”结构，常表示事物内部特有的属性。2.某些及物动词转为不及物动词后，其主动形式表示被动意义，如open（打开，营业），close（关门），shut（关闭），cu
28、t（切割），weigh称重, act（上演）等。3.某些不及物动词，如happen, occur, cost以及短语，如come out（出版），come up（出现），come into being（产生）come to ones mind想起），turn out（证明是），come about（发生），break out姆发），belong to (属于）等，本身表被动含义，所以它们常用主动形式。,10、虚拟语气动词类,-How do you _ we go to Beijing for our holidays. -I think wed better fly there. Its mu
29、ch more comfortable. (04福建卷） A. insist B. want C. suppose D. suggest Janes pale face suggested that she _ ill, and her parents suggested that she _ a medical examination. (94上海卷） A. be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; has,10、虚拟语气动词类,虚拟语气动词类：insist, order, command, suggest, advise,
30、 propose, recommend, ask, require, request, demand等后接引导的宾语从句时，谓语动词须用“(should)动词原形”。,11、省略替代类,-The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they? (03春北京卷） -_. A. I guess not so B. I dont guess C. I dont guess it D. I guess not,11、省略替代类,省略替代类： believe, think, suppose, guess, hope, expect, imagine, wo
31、uld like/ love, be afraid等动词用于简略回答中，后接so来替代肯定分句，用not来替代否定分句。或接to来替代前面内容相同的不定式，表示看法、意见、设想、打算等。例如： 注意：believe, think, suppose, guess等用于否定回答时，既可以说I believe (think, suppose guess) not，也可以说I dont believe (think, suppose guess) so，但用hope, expect, be afraid作否定回答时，只能说I hope (expect) not以及Im afraid not,12、否定
32、转移类,1.I dont suppose anyone wont volunteer, _？ (01上海卷） A. do I B. dont I C. will they D. wont they 2.Mrs. Black doesnt believe her son is able to design a digital camera,_？(02上海卷） A. is he B. isnt he C. doesnt she D. does she,12、否定转移类,否定转移类 think, believe, guess, suppose, imagine, expect等动词后接that引导的
33、宾语从句时，从句若为否定结构，常将否定词not前移到主句中。 当该结构的主句主语为第一人称时，变为反意疑问句，后半句的主语和谓语简略形式应与从句保持一致，否则与主句保持一致。,13、瞬间（非延续性动词）类,-_ David and Vicky _ married? (03北京卷） -For about three years. A. How long were; being B. How long have; got C. How long have; been D. How long did; get,13、瞬间（非延续性动词）类,这类动词常考的有go, come, leave, start
34、, return, begin, arrive, stop, finish, borrow, lend, open, close, die, become, break, join, marry, employ, graduate等。瞬间（非延续性动词）表短暂性的动作，因此不可与表“段时间”的for/ since短语或since从句连用。,14、计划未能实现类,I would love _ the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. (NMET97) A. to go B. to have gon
35、e C. going D. having gone,14、计划未能实现类,计划未能实现类 intend, mean, hope, wish, plan, expect, think, want, suppose等动词用于过去时态，可表示过去未能实现的愿望、想法、打算等。 1.该类动词用于过去完成时后接不定式或宾语从句。 I had never thought you would bring me such a nice gift. I had planned to call on you, but I was too busy to get away. 2.该类动词用于一般过去时后接不定式的完
36、成式或一般式。 Id like to have arrived on time, but I was caught on the traffic jam.,15、blame,Mr. Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy, saying that he was not the one .【06安徽-35】A. blamed B. blaming C. to blame D. to be blamed _for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low s
37、pirits. 【06福建33】A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed,16、dress类,_ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. 【05湖南-22】A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed himself,16、dress类,dress, lose, hide, seat, call, name等动词，可以跟人作宾语还可以用于系表结构。 I dress the kids before I
38、 go to work. She dressed herself in her best blue jersey. She was dressed in her best blue jersey. Yesterday I met a man called Smith. Yesterday I met a man calling himself Smith.,动词的时态与语态,1、考查在语境中判断动词时态的运用能力。 2、时间、条件、让步等状语从句中动词的时态。主从句时态呼应问题。 3、持续性动词和终止性动词的用法区别。 4、及物动词的被动语态。 5、系动词的用法特点。 6、某些以主动形式表被动
39、意义的动词的用法。,（一）动词时态,常考的时态为：一般现在、现在进行、现在完成、现在完成进行*、一般过去、过去进行、过去完成、过去将来*、一般将来、将来进行*等。北京卷曾考过将来完成时，江苏卷考过过去完成进行时。,1、一般现在时态,1.The house belongs to my aunt but she_ here any more.【06全国I卷21】A. hasnt lived B. didnt live C. hadnt lived D. doesnt live 2.Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 _ off at 18:20
40、. 【06四川-22】A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken 3. This machine _. It hasnt worked for years. 【06浙江-6】A. didnt work B. wasnt working C. doesnt work D. isnt working4.Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _ the Pacific, and we met no storms. （05辽宁卷） A. was calle
41、d B. is called C. had been called D. has been called,2、现在完成时,1.My friend, who _ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month. 【06浙江-16】A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served 2.Although medical science _ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries
42、 us is that some of them are returning. 【06江苏-27】A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved,3、现在进行时,Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ to ask how I am going to spend the money. （05湖南卷） A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning,4、现在完成进
43、行时,1.I wont tell the student the answer to the math problem until he _on it for more than an hour. 【06湖北-32】 A. has been working B. will have worked C. will have been working D. had worked 2.- Hi, Tracy, you look tired.- I am tired. I _ the living room all day. (98 N)A. painted B. had painted C. hav
44、e been painting D. have painted,5、一般过去时,1.My cousin went to Canada two yours ago. He _there for a few months and then went to America.【06江西-21】A. worked B. would work C. would be working D. has been working 2.Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it_ yesterday. 【06全国I卷31】 A. was happening B. happ
45、ens C. has happened D. happened,6、过去完成时,1.John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he _ for the wedding. 【06全国II卷12】 A. will plan B. has planned C. would plan D. had planned2.The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She _before. 【06广东-32】
46、 A. hasnt flown B. didnt fly C. hadnt flown D. wasnt flying 3.They _ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _ it as no good results have come out so far. (05江苏卷) (A) had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working C. have been working; have worked D
47、. have worked; are still working,7、过去进行时,1. I along the street looking for a place to park when the accident .【06安徽-25】 A. went; was occurring B. went; occurred C. was going; occurred D. was going; had occurred 2.The manager had fallen asleep where he _, without undressing. （05安徽卷）(B) A. was laying
48、B. was lying C. had laid D. had lied,8、过去将来时,1.- What were you doing when Tony phoned you?- I had just finished my work and _ to take a shower. （04天津）(D) A had started B started C have started D was starting 2.We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _ office soon. (93 N)A. leaves B. would leave C. left D. had left,
