1、,The evaluation of different evacuation models for assessing road tunnel safety analysis,院系专业：地学学院,汇报人：刘畅 指导老师： 林鹏,Brief description,Key words: Evacuation models, Human behaviour in fire Road tunnel fire ,Emergency scenarios,Introduction,1,Material and methods,2,Results and Discussion,3,Conclusions,
2、4,Contents,Introduction,cases,characteristics,occupant safety,information,Evacuation models,Physical characteristics,Human behavior-related processes,Movement method Occupant load,Fire scenarios Human behaviour,Limitations,Compare assumptions Safety coefficients,Categories,Factors,Identify,Matters,H
3、uman factors,Internal: emotional states Experience culture background External: Social interactions environmental,Social interaction Knowledge Fire-related conditions Familiarity Visibility,Behaviour of others Established groups Emerging groups,Walking speed Path Incapaction,Simulation methods,Agent
4、 based modelling,Something that perceives and acts,Cellular Automata,The agents move from one cell of a grid to another,Flow based modelling,occupant density is modelled as a continuous flow,FDS+Evac,FDS+Evac,separate agent,Partial Behaviour,FDS+Evacis a partial behaviour model that combines an agen
5、t-based model and a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFDs) model,FDS+Evac treats each occupant as a separate agent, using stochastic properties for assigning their main characteristics: walking speed and response times,The model gives as results the position, the velocity, and the dose of toxic gases o
6、f each human.,Pathfinder,Based on the calculation of the means of the capacity of the considered environment,Occupants are represented as circles moving inside a continuous 2D surface represented by adjacent triangles steering system,STEPS,the path to the exit is calculated through a grid,The moveme
7、nt is calculated through a potential map,allow to implement certain random parameters,import of data from fire models and effect on the occupants movement,Movement,Random parameters,Import,Agent-based model,The Lantueno tunnel,Its length is 18 m Its width is 2.8 m It is located 390 m from the north
8、entrance and it is signpostedin each tube by an illuminated panel,length670m,Each bore two lanes,Side walks,highway,uni-directional,Two bore,Emergency tunne,Lantueno tunnel,Evacuation Scenarios,Case A: An accident has occurred in the center of the tubeobstructing the emergency tunnel.,Case B: An acc
9、ident has occurred near the entrance of the tube.,Assumptions,1.The evacuation is modelled considering the moment at which the vehicles are stationary, ueuing behind the vehicles involved in the accident.2. Standard dimensions of the vehicles are: 4.5 m * 2m (cars) and10 m * 2 m (trucks). The distan
10、ce between vehicles is 1 m.3. The following occupant load is considered: 2.55 occupants/cars and 12 occupants/trucks. The assumed percentage of trucks is 10% of the total number of vehicles.,Evacuation Scenarios,单击添加段落impact of the fire development on the evacuation,walking speed pre-evacuation time
11、,analyse the influence of fire by varying the values of Heat Release Rate,the fire influence on exit selection during the evacuation,Investigate different scenarios with different occupant load,A2：random,A1:movement,A3：fire,A4:FDS,B1:exit select,Scenarios A1,The purpose of these scenarios is to inve
12、stigate whether different movement methods used by the model produce different scenarios with different occupant load.,Scenarios A2,Summary of the inputs, probability distributions have been considered for the parameters,Scenarios A3,The experimental curves employed vary from a minimum of 4 MW repre
13、senting a car fire to a maximum of 30 MW representing a bus on fire.,Consider the incapacitation caused by CO production. Kerosene reactant,Scenarios A4:fire conditions-detection time interaction,FDS can automatically assign a specific response time depending on the smoke spread.,The use of this fea
14、ture of the model is compared with a scenario in which unfavourable response times have been considered. Better evaluate the smoke effects.,Scenarios B1,FDS+Evac takes into account the fire influence on exit selection, while STEPS and Pathfinder do not consider it.Despite the different features of e
15、ach model, Pathfinder and STEPS inputs were calibrated using the results of FDS+Evac .Pathfinder was calibrated assigning different groups of people in the tunnel in a deterministic way to the emergency exit or the entrance after checking the fire conditions in FDS.,Results of A1: movement test,Simi
16、lar Results,Bottlenecks Congestions,No relevant occupants,No differ sighficantly,Correspond Last Occupant,Results of A2: random variables,distance travelledwalking speed,stand in the path of other occupants,Results of A3：the influence of fire,1.The fire loads do not substantially affect evacuation t
17、imes. 2.There are few differences in the same scenario using the parameter smoke irritant or no irritant. 3. Pre-evacuation times are not high enough to permit the smoke to consistently affect the evacuation process,Results of A4： FDS+Evac test,FDS+Evac is the only model capable of automatically rep
18、resenting this phenomenon.2.The smoke development was an additional cue for the start of the evacuation.3. In this scenario the influence of fire is a fundamental parameter for evacuation time.,Results of B5：exit selection,FDS+Evac is the only model able to directly reproduce the impact of smoke on
19、exit selection. 2. The exit at the entrance of the tunnel is the most used by most of the occupants. 3. In STEPS and Pathfinder, the criterion of proximity produces an increase in the number of occupants who use the emergency exit.,Results of calibration,the mean number of people evacuated through t
20、he emergency exit (black) or the entrance (grey),before the input adjustment,after the input adjustment,Calibration of the exit selection,FDS,STEPS,Pathfinder,Calibration,Results,Suggestions,Expectation,In this field will be to extend the comparative analysis to a higher number of models.2. Further experimental tests regarding Human Behaviour during emergencies in tunnels,论文完毕 感谢聆听,院系专业：地学学院,汇报人：刘畅 指导老师： 林鹏,Section of Lantueno tunnel,
