1、Unit 4 Learning efficientlySkill goals:Talk bout techniques of English learningPractise talking about techniques of reading and giving a talkPractise giving suggestionsReview the Subjunctive MoodWrite an e-mail to give suggestions on English learningSpecial Focus: 1. enlarge vocabulary: efficient, e
2、fficiently, centigrade, recipe, booklet, endeavour, competent, up to, caption, digest, beneath, adopt, preview, frequent, manual, assess, consult, shabby, rainbow, acute, bent, cab, currency, lotus, cuisine, educator, seminar, acquisition, underneath, ballet, album, resemble, cassette, tend, messy,
3、tiresome, vague, bonus, auditory, tactile, oral, component, concrete, in detail, tend to.2. improve writing ability3. Review the Subjunctive Mood1) I wish I had been in Hong Kong last year.2) If I had gone to the English Corner very often, my spoken English would have been improved.3) Its important
4、that he should complete the work on time.Additional materials: 语法复习虚拟语气（）（一）语气的定义和种类（1）语气的定义语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。（2）语气的种类陈述语气表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready.我们没准备好。Did it rain all day yesterday?昨天下了一天雨吗？What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!祈使语气表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如：Be care
5、ful!小心!Dont forget to close the window.别忘了关窗。Open the door, please.请打开门。虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：I were you, I should study English.如果我是你，我就学英语了。I wish you could go with me.但愿你能同我们一起去。May you succeed!祝您成功!（二）虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述
6、语气。如：If it doesn?t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park.如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如：If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。 （事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。 ）在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。（1）表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果If I were you, I should (would, c
7、ould, might) tell him the truth.要是我是你，我就会（可能）对他说实话。If he had time, he would (could, might) go with you.如果他有时间，他就会（可能）和你去。If my brother were here, everything would be all right.要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都没问题了。（2）表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt (couldnt) have failed in the exam.如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定
8、不会（不可能考试不及格） 。If I had had the money last week, I should (would, could, might) have bought a car. 如果上星期有了这笔钱，我就会（可能）买 1辆车。She would(could,might) have telephoned you immediately, if she had won the game.如果她比赛赢了，她就会(可能)给你打电话。If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would(could,might) have met the fam
9、ous singer.如果你早来几分钟的话，你就会(可能会)见到那个著名的歌唱家。(3)表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would, could, might) go to see my grandmother.如果明天是星期天，我就(可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening,they would not go out.如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。If it should rain, the crops would(could, might) be saved.假如天下雨，
10、庄稼就一定(有可能)得救。(4)主、从句的动作发生时间不一致的情况有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致，这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。If you had listened to the doctor,you would be all right now.如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)If you had practised speaking English more, you would be able to speak it fluently.如果你多练习讲英语，现在就能讲得很流利了。省略连词 if在书面语中，如果虚拟
11、条件从句中有 were，had 或 should，可以把 if省略，而把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。如：Should he come(If he should come), tell him to ring me up.他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you(If I were you),I would not do it.我要是你，就不做这事。Had he been more careful(If he had been more careful), such mistakes could have been avoided.如果他细心些，这些错误本来是可以避免的。在虚拟
12、条件句中，省略连词的倒装形式，其句首不能用助动词的缩略否定式。如我们可以说：Were it not for the expense, I would go to Paris. 但不能说： Werent it for the expense,I would go to Paris.用介词短语代替条件状语从句有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如：Without air(If there were no air), there would be no living things.如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help(If it hadnt
13、been for your help)I couldn?t have done it.要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如：I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadnt been busy that day, I would have gone there with them. )我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就)I would have finished the work, but I have
14、 been ill.(If I hadnt been ill, I would have finished the work.)我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。 （如果我没生病的话，我就会完成）（5）省去条件从句或主句表示虚拟敢的主名或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。省去条件从句You could have washed your clothes yourself.你本可以自己洗衣服的。 （省去了“If you had wanted to” ） （事实是：你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。 ）省去主句（常用以表示愿望）If my grandmother were with me!如果我的
15、祖母与我在一起多好啊！（事实是：祖母已不在世。 ）If only she had not left!如果她没走就好了!（事实是：她已经走了。 ）If only the wind would stop!风要是停了该多好!（事实是：风停的可能性很小。 ）虚拟语气（）(1)虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法在“It is important( strange, natural, necessary) that”这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should+动词原形”结构，表示某事是“重要” 、 “奇怪” 、 “自然” 、 “必要”等意义。如：It is important that e
16、very member(should)inform himself of these rules.重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。It is necessary that he(should) be set there at once.有必要马上派他到那里去。It is decided (has been decided) that the meeting (should) be postponed till tomorrow.已决定会议延期到明天。It is very strange that she (should) have left without saying goodbye.她不辞而
17、别。真让人奇怪。(2)虚拟语气在宾浯从句中的用法动词 wish后的宾语从句中表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be 动词一般用were)。如：I wish I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)I wish it were autumn in Beijing all the year round.但愿北京全年是秋天。(只是愿望。实际根本不可能实现。)She wishes she were still living with her
18、 grandmother.她希望仍和祖母住在一起。(实际不住在起)2)表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词常用“had+过去分词” 。如：I wish (wished) I hadn?t spent so much money.我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)He wishes (wished) he had not lost the chance.他真希望没有失去机会。(事实上机会已失去了，他感到惋惜。)3)表示对将来的主观愿望：从句动词形式为“would 十动词原形” 。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物
19、名词除外)。如：I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止。I wish you would come soon.但愿你立刻来。suggest(建议), demand, order, propose, insist(坚持), command, request, desire等动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词用“should+动词原形” ，表示建议、要求、命令等。如：I suggest that we (should) set off at once.我建议我们马上动身。I demand that he (should) answer me immediately.我要求他
20、立刻答复我。The students insisted that they (should) have more English classes. 学生们坚持要多上英语课。(3)虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法在带有 even if/even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如：Even if Lin Tao were here,I should say the same thing. 即使林涛在这儿，我也要这样说。Even though he had been ill,he would have gone to his
21、office.即使生了病，他仍去办公室。注：当从句由 thoughalthough 引导时，主句常用陈述语气，从句可用也可不用虚拟浯气。如：This gave rue some faint hopes of relief, although I were (was) not able to imagine how it could be brought out.这给了我一丝解救的希望，但我想像不出如何实现。由 as if或 as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时从句渭语形式为动词的过去式(be 用 were)或“had+过去分词” 。如：He treats me as if I we
22、re a stranger.他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it.她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。注：姐果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。在 in order that或 so that引导的目的状语从句中谓语动词多用“couht/might(有时电用 should)+动词原形” 。如：Mr. Green spoke slowly so that his students could/might hear clearly.格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清
23、楚。They are climbing higher in order that they might/could get a better view.他们正往更高处爬，以便看得更清楚。在 in case，for fear(that)，lest 等引导的从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形” 。如：She took her raincoat with her in case/for fear that/lest she (should) be caught in the rain.她带了雨衣，以免遭雨淋。新课标省市 2007年高考新题型简介及适应性训练:D. 写作 2 -任务型写作练习请
24、根据以下要求, 以 My Favorite Way to Learn English 为题写一篇 150词左右的英语短文。写作要求:1） 用大约 60-80字；扼要概括阅读材料 C段中有关不同授课方式的论述; 2） 根据你自己学习英语的实际情况,谈谈哪一种方式适合你,并陈述理由。必要时可以用实例说明。 （该部分的字数大约 60-80） ；3） 文章必须结构合理，内容连贯，有条理性。注：评分标准 概括的准确性、语言的规范性、内容的合适性以及篇章的连贯性。_附材料:The Best of Both WorldsIndividual tuition (known as one-to-one) is
25、an attractive option for many learners: those who want to attend a course out of general personal interest, and those needing English in their professional life.For the first Category of learners, such as school leavers or graduates, one-to-one tuition can be useful for brushing up their English in
26、preparation for further studies, or prior to entering their chosen field of employment. One-to-one lessons may prove more effective than a general English course, which may turn out to be far too general. For the person who needs English for professional purposes, the flexibility of the duration of
27、courses, plus the tailor-made programmes, would seem to make one-to-one tuition an ideal option.For both types of learners, cost is likely to be the overriding criterion. Since individual tuition doesnt come cheap, rates vary from school to school, and my advice would be not to go for the cheapest -
28、 it is unlikely to be the best.So how do you decide whether a one-to-one course or a group course is the best for you? The advantages of one-to-one tuition are that:It provides an opportunity for learners to focus on their specific language needs; No time is wasted sitting through lengthy explanatio
29、ns to other people in the group who are of a lower level;The trainer can adapt the style and pace of teaching to suit the learners individual learning style and pace.Naturally, though, there disadvantages:One-to-one doesnt always provide the best environment for using the language for real communica
30、tion (how often are we in a room at work with only one other person for any length of time with no interruption?);The “language of meetings” and group interaction cannot really be practiced successfully with only one other person.However, I have found that in most cases a combination of one-to-one and small group tuition is the most effective formula for learners needing to improve their English skills for professional purposes. In this way, the learners has the best of both worlds.版权所有：学优高考网()版权所有：学优高考网()
