1、非谓语动词,非谓语动词是指那些在句子中不能单独充当句子谓语的动词形式。动词不定式非谓语动词 动词的-ing 形式 过去分词,不定式,不定式的全称是“动词不定式”，是一种非限定动词，由不定式符号to+动词原形构成。不定式具有动词的特征，同时也有名词、形容词和副词的特征。 动词不定式是一种非限定性动词，由to动词原形构成，但它还是属于动词，所以它本身可以带宾语和状语。动词不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语，还可用在复合结构中，而且有完成式、进行式、完成进行式和否定形式。动词不定式的被动形式除了一般形式外还有其完成式，其形式如下：,1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的
2、动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again. 我希望再见到你。2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.,3) 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4) 完成进行时：She is known to
3、have been wreaking on the problem for many years.,一、作主语,1）Its easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enoughIts so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。Its
4、 necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。,2) Its very kind of him to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful(体贴的，关切的), thoughtless（考虑不周的，欠考虑的）, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly（愚蠢的）, selfish(自私的)It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真
5、愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了,注意：,1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型。2) 不定式作为主语成分时，动词用单数形式。3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。(错)It is to believe to see.,二、作表语不定式可放在系动词（例如be动词）后面，形成表语。例如：My work is to clean the room ev
6、ery day.His dream is to be a doctor. 三、作定语不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：I have a lot of work to do. So he made some candles to give light.,四、作状语,1）目的状语 only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so (such) as to (如此以便)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.
7、 我来仅仅是向你告别。 2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面He searched the room only to find nothing. 3) 表原因Im glad to see you.,五、作宾语,1) 动词+ 不定式afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage off
8、er ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake举例： The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。,2）动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, prom
9、ise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你能使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。,3）动词+疑问词+ todecide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, t
10、ellPlease show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意：疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。,六、作补语,1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise allow appoint believe cause
11、 challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn 例句：Father will not allo
12、w us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。,Find 的特殊用法：Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.,2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。Acknowle
13、dge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understandWe consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。,3) to be +形容词seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be
14、thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。,七、省to 的动词不定式,1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：2） 使役动词 let, have, make：3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。 注意：在被动语态中
15、则to 不能省掉。I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.,4） would rather，had better： 5） why not： 6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth： 7） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去： 8） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等
16、词后，可以省去to be： He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。 9）but作介词，后接不定式结构时，前面谓语动词部分若含有do的形式时，but后的不定式要省去to，否则要带to。 He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.,10）当两个或多个不定时短语由连词and，but或or连接时，后一个或几个不定式符号to常省略。但若表示对比、对照关系时，则不能省略。He wants to move to France and mar
17、ry the girl.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. 11）不定式做表语时，一般要带to，但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时，符号to可省去。Weve missed the last bus. All we could do now is walk home.,八、 动词不定式的否定式,Tell him not to shut the window She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候
18、，她假装没看见。,九、不定式的特殊句型tooto,1）tooto 太以至于A: Can I help you? 需要我帮忙吗?B: Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。 2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为“不太“。Its never too late to mend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。(亡羊补牢，为时不晚） 3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非
19、常 等于very。Im only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。,十、 动名词与不定式的区别：,动名词表达的是：状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的 不定式表达的是：目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的1) 接不定式或动名词区别不大，有时可以通用，常见于begin, continue, start等动词。 They usually begin working/ to work at nine in the morning.,2）动名词与不定式语
20、义不同的有： 1 stop to do stop doing 2 forget to do forget doing3 remember to do remember doing 4 regret to do regret doing5 cease to do cease doing 6 try to do try doing7 go on to do go on doing 8 afraid to do afraid doing9 interested to do interested in doing 10 mean to do mean doing,1 forget doing/to d
21、o,forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)Dont forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做),2 stop doing/to do,stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop do
22、ing 停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking 我必须戒烟了。,3 remember doing/to do,remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?,4 regret doing/to do,regret to do
23、 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做)regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought. 我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。,5 cease doing/to do,cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。That department has ceased to exist forever.那个部门已不复存在。The
24、girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停止了聊天。 6 try doing/to dotry to do 努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。,7 go on doing/to do,go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing 继续做原来做的事。Afte
25、r he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习,8 be afraid doing/to do,be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕“；be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕“。She was afraid to ste
26、p further in grass because she was afraid of beingbitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。,9 be interested in doing/to do,interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。I shall be intere
27、sted to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法),10 mean doing/to do,mean to do 打算、想mean doing 意味着I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力。,
