1、被动句的翻译,英语中被动语态使用范围很广。凡是在不必说出主动者，不愿说出主动者，无从说出主动者或者是为了便于连贯上下文等等场合，往往使用被动语态。汉语中虽然也有被动语态，但使用范围狭窄得多。英语被动语态的句子，译成汉语时，很多情况下都可以译成主动句，但也有一些可以保持被动语态。,译成汉语主动句,英语中被动结构的句子译成汉语主动句可以有几种不同的情况 一、原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语 1.The whole country was armed in a few days.几天之内全国武装起来了。 2.The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his
2、 youth has never been totally eradicated.他在青少年时期留下的自卑感还没有完全消除。 3.The fight was cancelled duo to the frog.飞机因雾停航。,4.The same aria from Madame Butterfly was played five times in a row.蝴蝶夫人里的一个唱段竟一连播放了五遍。 5.Western Europes 10% jobless rate is expected to hit 12% by mid-1994.西欧的失业率预计到1994年年中会达到12%，目前是10
3、%。 6. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.在巴蒂斯逃离古巴后，他马上获释。,二、原文中的主语在译文中做宾语 1. By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。 2. Mr. Billings cannot be deterred from his
4、plan.不能阻止比林斯先生实施他的计划。 3. Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed.在举行个别交谈之前，我已经就所有要讨论的问题预先拟好了备忘录。,3.Knowing that hes going to ask in advance should make it easier, I thought. Except that the opposite psychology was used.我想，在他提问之前先知道他要问什么，可能会好办些。可是没有想到他们却利用了相反
5、的心理作用。 4. Nationalized in 1951 by a Labor government, the British steel industry was denationalized by the Conservatives in 1953, then renationalized by Labor in 1967.1951年，工党政府把英国钢铁工业收为国有。1953年，保守党政府把它退归私营。然后，1967年工党政府又把它国有化。,三、把动作实施者译成原因状语，用“由于“、”因此”等词来带出 1. This optimism was tempered by the reali
6、zation that it was a precarious truce that could collapse at any time.由于人们知道这次休战是不稳定的，是随时都可能遭到破坏的，因而这种乐观情绪也随之冲淡了。 2. Hopes of renewed cooperation with Iran in the near future were dashed by signs that the hostage crisis in Teheran, which started in November 4, might drag into the summer.,在近期恢复与伊朗的合作
7、关系的希望破灭了，因种种迹象表明11月4日开始的德黑兰人质危机可能要拖到夏天才能解决。 四、译成带表语的主动句 1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。 2.This good idea was raised by our monitor.这个好主意是我们班长提出来的。 3.The people who has been evacuated have returned and rebuild their town.撤走的人们已经返回并重建了自己的小镇。,五、常用被动句型的翻译有一类以it作为形式主语的英语句子，在译
8、文中常要改成主动形式，有时不加施动者，有时加上不确定的主语，如：“有人、大家、人们、我们“等 1.不加主语的It is hoped that 希望It is reported that 据报It is said that 据说It is supposed that 据推测It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说It must be admitted that 必须承认It must be pointed out that 必须指出It will be seen from this that 由此可见,2.可加主语的 It
9、 is asserted that 有人主张 It is believed that 有人认为相信 It is generally considered that 大家认为 It is well-known that 大家知道众所周知 It will be said that 有人会说 It was told that 有人曾经说,译成汉语的被动句,一、“被”或“给”或“由”1.His passport was confiscated by the police.他的护照被警方没收了。2.Black people were first brought to America from Afric
10、a as slaves.黑人最初是被当作奴隶从非洲贩运到美国的。3.The teacher was sacked for slapping a schoolboy.那位教师因为打了一名男生耳光给解雇了。,4.The spaceship will be totally controlled by an on-board electronic computer. 这艘宇宙飞船将完全由机载电子计算机控制。5.Members of Congress, the President, state officials, and those who govern counties and cities, ar
11、e elected by popular vote. Heads of federal departments are named by the President, and judges are either elected directly by the people or are appointed by elected officials. 国会议员、总统、州政府官员以及县长、市长均由民众投票选举。联邦政府各部部长由总统任命，法官由人民直接选举，或由当选官员任命,二、借助“得到 名词”、“受（遭）到 名词”或“予（加）以 名词”的结构1. This phenomenon can onl
12、y be explained by assuming that the earths surface is curved. 只有假设地球表明呈曲线状，这一现象才能得到解释。2. People are also troubled because of the participative mood that exists today. This participative phenomenon can be seen in every part of contemporary life. 人们受到困扰的另一个原因是当今存在的参与情绪。这种积极参与现象在现代生活中到处可见。,3.The area w
13、ill have to be protected from too frequent, or too intense, or too careless visiting.这一地区一定要加以保护，不允许过于频繁、过于集中或过于随便地参观访问。4.It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means.这件事必须在适当的时候用适当的手段予以处理。,三、借助“为所 动词”或“是（所） 动词 的”的结构 The late 1960s was a period of revolt against traditional v
14、alues. Parents ideas were scorned by their children, who accused them of being too concerned with money. 20世纪60年代后期是对传统观念造反的年代。父母的想法为孩子们所不齿；孩子们指责他们过于看重金钱。 These very elements and compounds are needed to continue life, and nature is fairly efficient in recycling them.,这些元素和化合物正是生命延续所需要的，而大自然能够相当有效地将其
15、循环利用。 Each transaction is carried out in public, and the information sent electronically to every brokerage office of the nation. 每笔交易都是公开进行的，并通过电子设备把交易资料发往全国各地的每一家经纪人事务所。,加泛指主语,有些英语被动句在翻译成汉语时，可以加上泛指主语，带出动作的发出者He was asked a lot of tough questions at the press conference.在记者会上人们问了他很多棘手的问题。He was hea
16、rd to come upstairs.有人听到他上楼了。,无主句式,英语被动语态的句子没有动作的发出者或者说没有必要指出动作的发出者，翻译成汉语时也没有必要明确化，因此可以采用无主句式。 1.Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.必须保证每天8个小时的睡眠。 2.Two days were allowed to them for making the necessary preparations.给了他们两天时间来作必要的准备。,以原文地点状语时间状语作主语,1.The commodity export fair will be h
17、eld in Shanghai.上海将举办出口商品交易会。 2. More than one million cars are produced in that factory every year.那个厂每年上产一百多万辆车辆。,Exercises,The population growth in China can be controlled. The difficulties have been overcome, the work finished and the problem solved. Kevin, who had not known that his mother was
18、in Iran, was given only 20 minutes notice of the reunion. Well ,are you temped after reading this advertisement.,What concerns research workers even more, of course, is the fact that a certain number of innocent people are bound to be convicted of crimes they have not committed. With the computer, t
19、he ideas of todays scientists can be studied, tested, distributed ,and used more rapidly than ever before. Shakespeares principal characters are created in typical real situation: the feudal castle, the medieval city, the kings court with its courtly atmosphere, etc. It is believed that the loans wi
20、ll be repaid by （Poland）exporting some of the new products back to the West.,During the sixties Britain applied to join the EEC and tried three times to negotiate an acceptable agreement with the Common Market countries which would permit her and her partners in EFTA to join the EEC. In the end an a
21、greement was reached which proved acceptable both to the British government and to the governments of the Commonwealth countries which were most affected by Britains decision.,Because fans watch more than one game, a total of 12 billion viewers will see the TV transmissions, which are beamed to 154
22、countries. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.,Reference translation,中国的人口增长可以加以控制。 困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。 凯文事前不知道他的母亲已到伊朗，只是在见面前20分钟才得到让他母子相聚的通知。 怎么样，看了这幅广告后，你动心了吗？ 当然，对研究人员来说更为担心的则是这样一个事实：即一些清白无辜的人必将被冤枉定罪。 如今有了计算机，科学家们的理论就可以比过去任何时候都更快地得到研究、检验、传播及应用。,莎士比亚笔下的主要人物是塑造于典型的真是环境之中：封建的城堡、中世纪的城市以及富丽堂皇的宫廷等等。 人们认为，波兰将通过向西方出口部分新产品来偿还贷款。 在60年代，英国申请加入欧洲经济共同体，并为达成相互都可以接受的协议，三次与共同市场国家进行谈判，以求这些国家允许她及其欧洲自由贸易联盟的伙伴加入欧洲经济共同体。最后达成了一项协议，既能为英国政府所接受，又能为受英国决策影响最大的英联邦国家所接受。,因为球迷们都不止观看一场比赛，所以总共将有120亿观众收看播送到154个国家的电视转播。 许多人要求建立一个阿拉伯共同市场。,
