1、Class 7.Foundation of Group Behavior,7.1 Defining & Classifying 2 or more individuals,interacting & interdependent,who have come together to achieve particular objectives.,1.Formal Group,A designated work group defined by the organizations structure Command group-A manager & his or her immediate sub
2、ordinates Task group-Those working together to complete a job task Why do people join group?-Security,Status, Self-esteem,Affiliation,Power,Goal Achievement,2.Informal Group,A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined;appears in response to the need for social contrac
3、t Interest group- Those working together to attain a specific objective with which each is concerned Friendship group-Those brought together because they share one or more common characteristic,Class 7. Foundation of Group Behavior,7.2 Stages of Group development,1. The 5-Stage Model From the mid-19
4、60s,Forming-characterized by much uncertainty Storming-intragroup conflict Norming-close relationship ignores organizational setting,2.The Punctuated-Equlibrium M Studies of more than a dozen,group dont develop in a universal sequence,The timing of when groups form (6)the groups last meeting is char
5、acterized by markedly accelerated activity,Class 7. Foundation of Group Behavior,7.3 Sociometry An analytical technique for group interaction-find out who people like or dislike & whom they would or not to work with,Sociogram-A diagram that graphically maps the preferred social interactions obtained
6、 from interviews or questionnaires. Key terms,Social networks-specific set of linkages among a defined set of individuals. cluster-group existing Prescribed cluster-formal groups Emergent clusters-informal,unofficial groups Coalitions-a cluster of individuals who temporarily come together to achieve
7、 a specific purpose Cliques-relatively permanent informal groups in network Stars-one with the most linkages Isolates- Liaison-one connecting 2 or more clusters but are outside Bridges-serving as a linking pins by belong to 2 or more,Class 7. Foundation of Group Behavior,7.4 Explaining work group be
8、havior the major components determining Performance & satisfaction,1.Group behavior model,External conditions imposed on the group,Group member resources,Groupstructure,Group process,Performance & satisfaction,Group task,2.External conditions imposed on the group,Organization strategy authority stru
9、cture formal regulations-rule,procedure,policies organizational resources-modern high-quality tools personnel selection process performance evaluation & reward system organizational culture physical work setting-layout,acoustic,3.Group member resources,Abilities personality characteristics,4.Group s
10、tructure Shaping the behavior of the member & explaining the -,(1)formal leadership (2)roles-a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to someone occupying a given position in a social unit role identity-certain attitudes & behaviors consistent with role perception-ones view of how he is suppos
11、ed to act in role expectation-how others believe ones action in given- psychological contract-an unwritten agreement that set out what management expects from the employee,& vice versa role conflict- confronted by divergent role expectation experiment-simulated prison,4.Group structure (3)norms,Acce
12、ptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the groups members common classes of norms-performance-related processes; appearance factors(dress,loyalty) the “how” (4)central value expressing & clarifying identity conformity-adjusting ones behavior to align with norms,4.Group struct
13、ure (4)status,A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others formal acquired by such characteristic as education,age,gender,skill,& experience status & norms-high-status,deviation from norm status equity-the status accoutrements, congruence,4.Group structure (5)size,L
14、arge groups are good for gaining diverse input-fact-finding, but smaller groups are better at doing something productive with that input social loafing-the tendency for one to expend less effort when working collectively than individually -others share,dispersion of responsibility group with an odd
15、Nr. of members tend to be pref; groups made up of 5-7 members do a good job of exercising the best elements of both small &,4.Group structure (6)composition,Group activities require a variety of skills & knowledge,diversity,heterogeneous group demography-the degree to which members of a group share
16、a common demographic attribute,such as age,sex,race,education level,or length of service in the organization,& their impact on turnover cohorts-as part of a group, individuals holding a common attribute,5.Group processes how group processes can impact on group effectiveness,Potential group effective
17、ness+ process gains-process losses=actual group effectiveness synergy-an action of 2 or more substances that results in an effect that is different from the individual summation of the substance social facilitation effect-the tendency for performance to improve or decline in response to the presence
18、 of others simple routine tasks-speed up;complex-close attention,6.Group task size-performance relationship moderated by task requirement,The impact of group processes on the performance & member satisfaction is moderated by task requirement the complexity & interdependence of tasks more information
19、-process capacity & uncertainty, a group characterized by poor communication, weak leadership,high level of conflict,& the like,doesnt mean it will be low performing,Class 7. Foundation of Group Behavior,7.5 Group decision making,1.Groups vs. individual,Advantages of groups-it can increase: 1. compl
20、ete information acceptance,2.Groupthink & Groupthift,Groupthink-phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action groupshift-A chance in decision risk between the groups decision can be either toward conservatism or greater risk,3.Group D-M
21、 Techniques,Interacting groups-typical groups,where members interact with each other face-to-face Brainstorming nominal group technique Delphi technique E-meeting,Class 7. Foundation of Group Behavior,7.Cohesive work group,1.Determinants of cohesiveness,Time spent together severity of initiation group size gender of member external threats previous successes,2.Effects on productivity,Cohesiveness,performance norms (high,high),high; (high,low),low; (low,high),moderate; (low,low), moderate to low;,
