1、专题一 名词,贵阳中考命题规律及趋势分析贵阳近5年中考真题可以看出,名词为单项选择题的必考点,且近两年偏向名词词义在语境中的辨析,句子设置的语境贴近学生生活实际。对名词单复数的考查会和词义辨析结合,注重对语境的考查。对名词所有格的考查也会和单复数结合,侧重于不规则变化的名词复数。设题形式均为简单句,以两个单句为主,一个句子提供语境,另一个句子设题,词数在912个。另外,完形填空和词语运用中也会涉及对名词的考查,完形填空侧重考查名词的词义辨析,而词语运用则侧重对名词单复数的所有格以及名词与其他同类的辨析的考查。名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词,可以充当句子中的重要成分,如主语、宾语、
2、表语、定语、补语等。中考主要以单项选择、根据语境填词等方式呈现,还会考查名词在句、篇章和特定语境中的运用。,贵阳中考重难点突破名词名词的分类专有名词普通名词可数名词个体名词集体名词不可数名词物质名词抽象名词名词的数可数名词单数复数规则变化不规则变化不可数名词名词的所有格s所有格的构成及用法of所有格的构成及用法双重所有格名词的句法作用名词作主语、宾语、表语名词作定语、同位语、补语、状语1名词的种类及辨析类别 意义 例词专有名词 表示个别的人、地方、事物、机构、组织等 名称。其中实词的第一个字母必须大写 Alice,Canada,the Great Wall续表类别 意义 例词个体名词和集体名词
3、有单复数;抽象名词只用单数,用复数时,意义不同。【注意】物质名词分为:不可分割的物质名词无单复数变化。如:silk,milk,air,water,etc。可分割的物质名词有单复数变化。如:table,pen,desk,book,etc。2名词的数名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)。可数名词有单、复数之分,不可数名词一般没有复数形式。(1)可数名词的单复数变化规律情况 构成方法 例词一般情况 加s capcaps;dogdogs;bikebikes;driverdrivers以字母s,sh,ch,x等结尾 加esbusbuses;
4、wishwishes;watchwatches;boxboxes以“辅音字母y”结尾 变y为i,再加esladyladies;centurycenturies;familyfamilies;storystories以f或fe结尾 一般变f,fe为v,再加esleafleaves;lifelives;halfhalves;knifeknives以o结尾 o前为辅音音素时加es,o前为元音音素时加stomatotomatoes;heroheroes;potatopotatoes;radioradios;zoozoos;例外,photophotos;pianopianos将后一个词变为复数 toot
5、hbrushtoothbrushes;filmstarfilmstars复合名词两部分都变为复数man doctormen doctors;woman teacherwomen teachers改变内部元音字母 footfeet;toothteeth;manmen;mousemice词尾加ren childchildren特殊名词单复数同形 ChineseChinese;sheepsheep;deerdeer【注意】个体名词 表示单个的人或事物 book,desk,table,bike,plane可数名词集体名词 表示一群人或一些事物 的总称 family,class,police,team,
6、group物质名词 表示无法分割为个体的 物质的词 glass,water,air,paper,wood通名词不可数名词 抽象名词 表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念danger,health,love,success,interestman和woman的合成词都需要将man变成men.如:policemanpolicemenpolicewomanpolicewomenpostmanpostmenpostwomanpostwomen例外:GermanGermansman 和woman 作定语修饰其他名词时,若修饰的名词是复数,则man 或 woman 都要变成复数。如:man teacher
7、men teachers。其他情况定语不作变化,如:a girl studentthree girl students(2)不可数名词量化的表示不可数名词的多少可用以下词组来表示:a block of一块 a bottle of一瓶a group of一群 a pair of一组;一双;一对a piece of一片(张;块) a pile of一堆短语a pair(piece)of复数名词作主语时,中心词是pair(piece),故谓语动词用单数;若短语是two pairs(pieces)of复数名词作主语,则中心词是two pairs(pieces),谓语动词用复数。(3)常见的不可数名词归
8、纳及用法常见的不可数名词食物 bread面包 meat肉 cheese奶酪液体 milk牛奶 water水 wine酒 oil油自然物体 soil土壤 sand沙子 wood木头学科 math数学 geography地理physics物理 chemistry化学物质名词概念 population人口 knowledge知识抽象名词品质、行为、状态、感情等抽象概念的词danger危险health健康love爱success成功interest兴趣(4)可数与不可数易混归纳exercise(锻炼)some exercises(练习;训练)work(工作)works(著作)glass(玻璃)a gl
9、ass(玻璃杯)paper(纸)a paper(报纸;证件;试卷)wood(木头;木材)a wood(小树林)room(空间)a room(房间)life(生活)seven lives(七条生命)3名词所有格(1)s 所有格表示有生命的东西的名词的末尾加上s ,即构成所有格,放在名词之前,作定语用。如:Johns friend 约翰的朋友,childrens books 儿童读物【注意】若构成所有格的名词以s结尾,只在词尾加。如:Teachers Day 教师节,the students books 学生们的书表示几个人共同拥有某人或某物时,只在最后一个名词后加s。如:Jim and Jack
10、s mother 吉姆和杰克的母亲(两人共有的母亲)表示各自拥有某人或某物时,要在各个名词后加s。如:Jims and Jacks mothers 吉姆的母亲和杰克的母亲(两人各自的母亲)(2)of所有格:常用来表示无生命的名词的所有格。结构:名词of名词。如:the capital of France 法国首都,the secret of happiness 快乐的秘诀(3)表示时间、距离等某些习惯用语中,可以用s 所有格。如:todays newspaper 今天的报纸,five minutes walk 步行五分钟的路程(4)表示某具体场所时,所有格后面的名词可省略。如:the teac
11、hers (office) 老师办公室,Mr.Smiths (home) 史密斯先生的家(5)双重所有格主要表示整体中的一部分,有两种形式:of名词s 所有格 如:a friend of my fathers 我父亲的一个朋友of名词性物主代词 如: a friend of mine 我的一个朋友在所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词(a,two,some,a few,that,this,these,those等)时,要用“of所有格”。如:some inventions of Edisons 爱迪生的一些发明,a few classmates of Xiao Mings 小明的一些
12、同学,those notebooks of the students 学生们的那些书(6)被所有格修饰的词如果前面已经提到,往往可以省略,以免重复。如:The dictionary is not mine,but Jennys.这本字典不是我的,是珍妮的。,贵阳中考题例及解析一、单项选择根据语境或句意,选择可填入句子的最佳选项。( )1.(2015贵阳中考)Lily,lets make vegetable salad.How many _ do we need?One is enough.Aoranges Bpotato Ctomatoes【解析】答案为C how many 后跟名词复数,ve
13、getable salad “蔬菜沙拉”。( )2.(2016贵阳中考)John,is the book on the desk yours?No,its my _She left it here yesterday.Asisters Bsister Csisters【解析】答案为A 根据题意“这书是我妹妹的”可知用名词所有格。( )3.(2017贵阳中考)There is a _ in my neighborhood and I often go there to see tigers.Azoo Bbank Cschool 【解析】答案为A 根据题意,去看老虎的地方只有动物园。( )4.(2
14、017贵阳中考)Cindy,how far is it from your home to school?About 20 _ walk.Aminutes Bminutes Cminutes【解析】答案为C 根据题意“大约需要20分钟的路程”可知用名词所有格。二、基础知识与运用根据语境或句意,用所给词的适当形式填空。1(2015贵阳中考)Jenny brought two nice _(picture)of her family to school yesterday.【解析】答案为pictures 根据题意“Jenny 带两张照片到校”可知用复数。2(2016贵阳中考)Bell invent
15、ed the telephone by trying many _(time) and learning from his mistakes.【解析】答案为times 根据题意“尝试很多次”可知用复数。3(2017贵阳中考)Chinese are supposed to shake _(hand) when they meet for the first time.【解析】答案为hands 根据题意“握手有两只手”可知用复数。,考点抢测考点一 名词辨析( A )1.Its a good _ to have breakfast every morning.Ahabit Bjob Cmenu( C
16、 )2.I want to write for international _ to become a writer.Achairs Bcomputers Cmagazines( B )3.The environment is getting worse and worse,so we have to face this _ right now.Aquestion Bproblem Cissue( A )4.More and more people would like to go on vacation abroad.They should remember to be _ with goo
17、d manners.Avisitors Bplayers Cvolunteers5How I wish I had a pair of _wings_(wings) so that I could fly freely in the sky.考点二 名词的数选用方框中合适的单词填空。woman,foot,apple,sheep,glass1The students of Grade 7 visited Mikes farm and saw many _sheep_ there.2All the _women_ teachers in our school enjoyed themselves
18、on March 8th because it was their own holiday.3Im going to the supermarket to buy some milk and _apples_ this afternoon.4Is that pair of _glasses_ a little cheaper?5These shoes are too big for my _feet_考点三 名词所有格( C )1._ fathers cant go to the class meeting because they have gone on business.AJack and Mike BJack and Mikes CJacks and Mikes( B )2.Where is Lucy?I havent seen her for a long time.She had a fever several days ago and she is _ now.Aat the doctor Bat the doctors Cat the doctors( C )3.What a beautiful girl! Who is she?She is _Amy sisters Ba friend of my sister Ca friend of my sisters