1、Production engineering experiment,Teacher：Zhan Yongping,中国石油大学(华东)石油工程实验中心,contents,Vertical Pipe Flow Experiment,Pump Efficiency Experiment,Fracture Conductivity Experiment,中国石油大学(华东)石油工程实验中心,1 Vertical Pipe Flow Experiment,Observe various flow regimes in the vertical pipe and master the identifica
2、tion method of each flow regime; (2) Verify the pressure drop model of multiphase flow in vertical pipe ; (3) Understand the principle of flowing well and gas lift.,Experimental Purposes,When the wellhead pressure is higher than the bubble point pressure, the flow in the well will be single-phase. W
3、hen the bottomhole pressure is lower than the bubble point pressure, the flow will be two-phase in the entire pipe. During the flow, most of the total pressure losses in oil production system are consumed to overcome the elevation losses and friction losses of the mixture flow. The kinetic energy (a
4、cceleration) losses can only be considered when the flow rate of the two phase is high enough (such as spray flow). In the vertical wellbore, most of the bottomhole pressure are consumed to overcome the gravity of the liquid column. The total pressure loss in wellbore can be expressed:,Experimental
5、principle,中国石油大学(华东)石油工程实验中心,1 Vertical Pipe Flow Experiment,Where: gravity pressure drop; frictional pressure drop; acceleration pressure drop. The possible flow regime in wellbore from the bottomhole to the wellhead may include: pure oil flow, bubble flow, slug flow, circular flow and spray flow.,
6、中国石油大学(华东)石油工程实验中心,Experimental apparatus,1 Vertical Pipe Flow Experiment,Instruments and equipment: flowing well simulator, air compressor, centrifugal pump, second counter, etc.; (2) Experimental medium: air and water; (3) Experimental process (showed in Figure 1),Fig1 Schametatic of Vertical Pipe
7、 Flow Experiment,Laboratory instruments Photos,中国石油大学(华东)石油工程实验中心,Experimental steps,1 Vertical Pipe Flow Experiment,(1) Check the state of the flowing well simulators valves and ensure that all valves are closed.Check the liquid level of the buffer tank. If the liquid level is lower than the 3/4 he
8、ight of the buffer tank, the inlet valve should be opened and the tank will be filled to reach a suitable level(3/4 height of the buffer tank); (2) Open the gas loop valve and ensure the flow path in a connected state, then open the air compressor and supply gas to the system; (3) Adjust the valuato
9、r of buffer tank to ensure its pressure do not exceeding 0.10MPag. Open the pressure valve of buffer tank and then open the valve after the pressure stabilized, supply liquid to the system; (4) Now, the liquid and gas are fed to the system at the same time. When the liquid level reaches to the wellh
10、ead, change the opening size of the gas valve and observe various flow regimes appeared in the pipe, then adjust to the desired flow regime and begin to measure parameters after steady ; (5) Press the “reset” button of flow totalizer, and start the second counter at the same time, observe the indica
11、tor of bottom pressure and gas rotameter. When the time up to 10 seconds, record bottomhole flow pressure, gas flow rate, liquid flow rate and accumulated time;,中国石油大学(华东)石油工程实验中心,1 Vertical Pipe Flow Experiment,(6) Change the flow rate, repeat steps 4-5 and record each data; requiring to record 5 s
12、et of data for slug flow and bubble flow. (7) End the experiment. Close the fluid loop at first, then close the air compressor and the power supply. After the gas be evacuated completely, close all the valves on the panel. Clean the experimental devices and end the experiment.,Attentions,(1) Do not
13、step on the pipes; (2) Pay attention to the liquid levelwhen operating the flowing well simulator,do not make it empty or overflow; (3) The recoreded value of the rotameter and pressure gauge sholud be the average value within the measuring time; (4) Pay attention to the units of rotameter and flow
14、totalizer. (5) Be careful to operate the reset button of the flow totalizer.,中国石油大学(华东)石油工程实验中心,2 Pump Efficiency Experiment,(1) Observe the composition and work process of the pumping unit and pump. (2) Master the measuring and calculating method of the pump efficiency. (3) Observe the realationshi
15、p between pump efficiency and gas rate. (4) Observe the degasing effectiveness of the gas anchor. (5) Understand the measuring and analysising method of dynamometer diagram.,Experimental purpose,Pump efficiency is a significant parameter for analyzing the work condition of pumping unit. According to
16、 the energy equation of gas-liquid mixture flowing through the pump and the law of coservation of energy,the pump efficiency can be analyzed.,Experimental principle,where, pumps actual displacementpumps theoretical displacementpump efficiency,Where, D pump diameter； S stroke； n pumping speed,中国石油大学(
17、华东)石油工程实验中心,2 Pump Efficiency Experiment,Experimental equipments and materials,Experimental equipments: beam pumping unit, pump, air compressor, air rate setter, rotameter, liquid bottle, second counter,etc. (2) Experimental medium: air and water.,Laboratory instruments Photos,中国石油大学(华东)石油工程实验中心,2 P
18、ump Efficiency Experiment,(1) Record the pump diameter (2) Move the holder to ensure the centerline of pump barrel is in alignment with the horsehead, check the air inlet pipe and liquid inlet pipe of the pump barrel to ensure whether the flow path is unblocked or not. (3) Turn the belt roller with
19、hands to drive horsehead move up and down, record the plunger stroke (4) Turn on the power supply of pumping unit and measure the plunger stroke (5) Record the actual fluid volume at the pipe outlet with volumetric cylinder and second counter, repeated 3 times. (6) Turn on the power supply of air co
20、mpressor, adjust the air rate setter and keep the entered gas rate at 0.2L/min. When the produced fluid is in stable, then record the pump discharge for three times (7) Turn on the power supply of air compressor, adjust the air rate setter and keep the entered gas rate at 0.8L/min. When the produced
21、 fluid is in stable, then record the pump discharge for three times (8) Turn on the power supply of air compressor, adjust the air rate setter and keep the entered gas rate at 1.6L/min. When the produced fluid is in stable, then record the pump discharge for three times,Experimental steps,中国石油大学(华东)
22、石油工程实验中心,2 Pump Efficiency Experiment,(9) Turn off the power supply of pumping unit and air compressor, move the holder and then replace the pump barrel, the air inlet pipe and liquid inlet pipe (10) Repeat step 5-9 (11) End the experiment.,(1) Do not touch the counterbalance and the brake of beam p
23、umping unit in operation; (2) Ensure the centerline of pump barrel is in alignment with the horsehead; (3) Ensure the liquid and gas supply loops in unblocked state before starting beam pumping unit; (4) Do not operate the air rate setter button endlessly; (5) Pay attention to observe the working co
24、ndition of the plunger and valve during the experiment; (6) Turn of the power supply at first in case of accident.,Experimental steps,Attentions,中国石油大学(华东)石油工程实验中心,3 Fracture Conductivity Experiment,(1) Understand the changes of the fracture conductivity with the closure stress, and the differences
25、of the fracture conductivity between different sand layers at the same closure stress. (2) Calculate the fracture conductivity with Darcys formula and binary formula, analyze the difference and explain the reason. (3) Be familiar with the operation of the fracture conductivity instrument and the exp
26、eriment process.,The fractures permeability can be characterised by the gas flow rate.The fractures conductivity can be determined with Darcys formula of gas radial flow by measuring the flow rate at different inlet and outlet pressure.,Experimental purpose,Experimental principle,中国石油大学(华东)石油工程实验中心,
27、3 Fracture Conductivity Experiment,Experimental apparatus and materials,(1) Instrumentation: fracture conductivity instrument, including compression testing machine, air compressor, value setter, pressure gauge, float type flow meter, rock core, vernier scale, electronic balance, magnifier (2) Mater
28、ials: quartz sand and ceramsite from different place,Laboratory instruments Photos,中国石油大学(华东)石油工程实验中心,3 Fracture Conductivity Experiment,(1) Preparations Record the name, place and grain size of the proppant and the gas viscosity at room temperature on the attachement I. Measure the outside diameter
29、 of the rock core and the internal diameter of the penetrated hole in the rock core with vernier scale, then record them on the attachement I to calculate the area of the rock core. Weigh a certain proppant (recording the grain size) and lay them on the core surface, be sure to keep them in a single
30、 layer, then observe whether the proppants distribution are uniform and tight or not with magnifier. Then weigh the remaining proppant, the difference is the weight of the proppant layed on the core. Calculate the proppant concentration using the following formula.(g/cm2)record this data on the atta
31、chement I Put the upper core (the penetrated hole should be downard) above the lower core, then put them together to the center of the compression testing machine.,Experimental steps,中国石油大学(华东)石油工程实验中心,3 Fracture Conductivity Experiment, Record the load data showed on the compression testing machine
32、 panel. (2) Core Loading Put core on the lower bearing plate, rotate the screw with hands to clamp the upper and lower bearing plate together, then loading. Tighten up the scavenge valve and turn on the green button to start the machine. Loading slowly by the oil supply valve, control the loading ra
33、te by adjusting the oil supply valves openness. When the indicator reach to 1.5t (or 1kN), then slow down the opening operation and keep it at the current state. Open the value setter and let the gas enter into the flow meter, then adjust the value setter and let the flow meter reach to the maximum
34、value. Continue to operate the oil supply valve. When the indicator reach to the desired value, then keep it in a stable state and record the flow rate and pressure on the attachment III. Load should be exerted successively, 3ton, 5ton, (7ton), 10ton, (12ton), 15ton, (18ton), 20ton, 25ton, 30ton; or
35、 30KN, 50KN, (70KN), 100KN, (120KN),150KN, (180KN), 200KN, 250KN, 300KN;then record the flow rate and pressure at each run and calculate the results. After the experiment, close the oil supply valve, turn off the power supply, open the scavenge valve to unload, take out of the core and observe the b
36、roken state of the proppant. Measure the double layer proppant: lay a twice weight of proppant on the core, then following the steps (2), record the flow rate and pressure at the different load on the attachment III and II.,中国石油大学(华东)石油工程实验中心,3 Fracture Conductivity Experiment,Report,The report shou
37、ld include: (1) the purposes and principles of the experiment; (2) the experimental data (3) the calculation formula and the calculation process (4) the curve of versus (5) the flow schematic (6) Based on the pressure and flow rate data at a closure stress, calculte the result with the binary formula( ) and draw the curve with as Y-axis and as X-axis, then obtain the intercept value A. Then use A ( ) to calculate the and compare it with the value obtained by Darcys formula,Thank You !,
