1、大学英语四级翻译技巧,内容安排,解题步骤考试翻译部分攻略备考建议有可能考到的语法点练习翻译练习安排,I. 解题步骤:,第一步:首先快速浏览句子,先看英语不看汉语,从而判断划线处所填句子的形式、时态。所谓形式包括:1.词组固定搭配(不定式短语、分词短语、动名词、句子等); 2.虚拟;3.被动所谓时态是指:根据前后已经给出的英语句子判断所填英语句子的时态。第二步:看括号里面的汉语句子,以核心谓语动词为切入点,找准主谓宾、分清定状补。第三步:先翻译主谓宾、后翻译定状补,切块对应翻译,重新组合。 “动词注意时态,名词注意单复数。”,1. Specialists in intercultural stu
2、dies say that it is not easy to (适应不同文化中的生活).,解题步骤:第一步:由it is not easy to可以推出,划线处应该接动词原形;第二步:划分成分“适应不同文化的生活”;核心谓语动词是“适应”,“不同文化的”作定语,“生活”作宾语;第三步:(1)切块对应翻译:“适应”=adapt; adapt to; adapt oneself to;“生活”=life;“不同文化的”=different cultures;(2)重新组合:adapt oneself to the life in different cultures。正确答案:adapt one
3、self to the life/living in different cultures,2. The victim (本来会有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time.,解题步骤:第一步:由The victim if he had been taken to hospital in time.可以推出,划线处应该填写谓语动词和宾语使得主句完整,并且主句形式、时态根据后面的if he had been taken to hospital in time确定应该采取虚拟语气,是对过去的虚拟;第二步:划分成分“本来会有机会活下来”,核心谓语动
4、词是“本来有机会-”,“活下来”作宾语;第三步:(1)切块对应翻译:“本来有机会-”= would have a chance to do sth,“活下来”=survive;(2)重新组合:would have a chance to survive.正确答案:would have/stand a chance to survive/of survival考察知识点:虚拟语气与过去相反的虚拟语气,从句用had done,主句用would have done,注意以下几种虚拟语气的形式:,第一种:由 “ if ”引导的虚拟句子第二种:用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句中第三种:在 “It i
5、s important (necessary, strange, natural) that .” 句型中第四种:用在It is time that - 结构中,注意以下几种虚拟语气的形式:,第一种:由 “ if ”引导的虚拟句子(1). 与现在的事实相反: If - + were/did-, - + would do- 如果我是你,就会嫁给他。 If I were you, I would marry him.,(2). 与过去的事实相反: If - + had done-, - +would have done-如果你用功学习,就会通过考试了。 If you had worked hard
6、 , you would have passed the exam.,(3). 与将来的事实可能相反: If -+ should do-, -+ would do- 如果明天下雨,你怎么办? If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do?,第二种:用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句中,从句谓语形式为:“-(should ) + do sth” (在美语中should常省去) 。类似用法的动词有:insist (坚持), suggest (建议), order(命令), propose (建议), demand (要求), command (命令)
7、, advise (建议), desire (要求、请求), request (请求), require (需要、要求), ask (要求), prefer (宁愿), recommend(推荐), arrange ( 安排), advocate ( 拥护、提倡), maintain(坚决主张)等后面的宾语从句中。,第三种:,在 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .” 句型中,that从句中的谓语动词用should + 动词原形 其他类似的词还有“It + be + important (necessary , natura
8、l , essential , strange , absurd , amazing , annoying , desirable, surprising , vital , advisable , anxious , compulsory , crucial , imperative , eager , fitting , possible , impossible , improper , obligatory , probable , preferable , strange , urgent 等, 以及insisted , suggested , ordered , requested
9、 , arranged , recommended 等) + that -”,第四种:,用在It is time that - 结构中, 从句的动词必须用过去时以表示实际上还未做到,意思则指现在或将来,that一词可以省略,意思是“早该”或“该”。e.g. It is time (that) we went to bed. 咱们该睡觉了。 注意: 1. time 前可加about (表示“大约”) 或high(表示“强调”) 等。2. it is time to do sth.表示“应该做某事了”、“是做某事的时候了”,例如:Its time for you to get a bath.,II
10、. 考试翻译部分攻略,1. 固定搭配考点2. 核心语法考点3. 核心动词以及动词短语的考查,II. 考试翻译部分攻略,1. 固定搭配考点:这是翻译中最为核心的考点,也是近几次命题密度最高的知识点,应该引起高度重视。比如说名词与动词搭配,形容词与名词搭配,动词与副词的修饰关系,名词与介词搭配,更为重要的是常见的固定词组以及固定表达,这些都可能成为考试的命题重点。,例1:By contrast, American mothers were more likely _ (把孩子的成功归因于) natural talent。,【考点剖析】这个题目非常典型。有两个固定搭配考点:1)be likely t
11、o do sth. ; 2) owe.to /attribute.to (把.归因于) 本句在词组方面进行考查,“把归因于”是大学英语四级考查率极高的一个语言点,有时是表达因果关系最复杂的动词词组。应当熟练把握 “attributeto”的拼写和用法。此外,不要忽略另外一个词的用法,“be likely to ”表示“容易”、“可能”等意义,稍不小心就会把to漏掉。总之,需要填入的部分拼贴在一起就是“to attribute their childrens success to”。考查重点:动词词组:表示因果关系的attribute to。需要熟练掌握用法的还有lead to, result
12、in, result from, be to blame for, be responsible for。另外,还要学会使用拼写类似的词组contribute to,表示“有助于,对做出贡献”。,2. 核心语法考点:这部分语法考点大多数是以前词汇语法考题考点的重现和转移,这一点要引起大家的重视,尽管词汇单选题现在不考了,但是还是不能忽视这部分题目,因为考点是一致的。核心语法考点最重要的是虚拟语气,其次是倒装结构、从句知识、倒装结构、非谓语动词等。,例1:The professor required that _(我们交研究报告) by Wednesday . 【考点剖析】本题是典型的语法题目。
13、重点考查考生对虚拟语气的掌握。require后面接从句的时候,一定会虚拟语气,语法结构为require that sb. should 动词原形。,例2: Not only _(他向我收费过高),but he didnt do a good repair job either. 【考点剖析】本题同样为典型的语法考点。考查了考生对倒装结构这个特殊语法现象的掌握情况。 本句意为:他不但向我收费过高,而且东西修理得不怎么样。,本句中要考虑两个层面,首先是动词“收费”的对应词,应当是“charge”。“过高”则往往使用too high或too much, 由于主体内容是金钱而不是温度,我们用经常搭配的
14、“much”。更加巧妙的用词是“overcharge”,恰好可以把意思归并到一起。还要考虑的是本句中“not onlybut”结构中出现了否定词前置到句首的现象,自然是倒装句的标志。结合后半句的一般过去时形式,我们不得不把助动词did提炼出来,按照倒装结构翻译成“Not only did he charge me too much”或者“Not only did he overcharge me”。 考查重点:倒装句结构中的否定词前置现象。类似的知识点还要注Never/Neither/Hardly/Scarcely等否定词在句首的倒装情况。,3. 核心动词以及动词短语的考查 例1:Though
15、 a skilled worker, _(他被公司解雇了) last week because of the economic crisis .【考点剖析】本题的重要考点就是考生对解雇这个核心动词的翻译。可以表示解雇的有dismiss, discharge, fire等。,1) The substance does not dissolve in water _ (不管是否加热)。,本句意为:不管是否加热,这种物质都不会溶解于水。 前半句所给的信息并不重要,考生凭四级词汇知识可以理解substance(物质)和dissolve(溶解)两个单词的意义。考虑提示部分的汉语,“不管是否”即“whet
16、her or ”,很容易找到这个对应结构。关键点在于对“加热”的理解,是主动还是被动处理,从上下文意义推断出是water被加热,所以我们采用被动方式,即whether (it is) heated or not,填入部分作让步状语从句,it is可以被省略。 考查重点:从句知识:尤其让步状语从句,注意复习whether or, though, no matter how等表达的用法。分词用法:注意辨别现在分词和过去分词,同时考虑动词被动语态的运用。,2) Your losses in trade this year are nothing _(与我的相比)。,本句意为“你在生意中的损失与我的相
17、比不值一题。” 翻译时有两个知识点容易出错,首先,“与相比”考查词组知识,四级程度同学应当掌握“compared with”或者“in comparison with”, 但常有考生把 “compare with”与“compare to”(把比做)混淆,或者没有考虑过去分词形式。此外,“我的”应当使用物主代词所有格“mine”,此处不宜写成“my losses”。 考查重点:词组知识:需要考生把握大批类似compare with以及名词形式in comparison with的词组或短语,其中固定搭配需要使用的介词副词非常重要。分词形式:在句子中做修饰成分与前者构成主动被动关系至关重要。,3
18、) On average, it is said, visitors spend only _(一半的钱) in a day in Leeds as in London.,本句意为:据说,游客平均一天在利兹花掉的钱只有在伦敦的一半那么多。显然本句在拿asas结构做文章。因为是比较关系,把在Leeds和在London的费用做比较,所以后半句有明确的“as”一词。空缺部分是要有 “as”,还要有 “half”和“money”。关键是次序如何调理。根据比较结构中的倍数原则,倍数数字放在最开始,接下去有关于量的as much+n.+as, 因此本句要填入 “half as much money”。考查
19、重点:比较结构:本句考查同级比较中的倍数关系,类似表达还有twice as much(many) as,III. 备考建议,1. 在进行翻译练习时,尽量力求翻译答案多样化,以便扩展思维,开阔思路,掌握重点核心表达。 例:(为了挣钱供我上学)_, mother often takes on more work than is good for her. 【考点剖析】对于“为了挣钱供我上学”的表达,我们可以说To earn money for my education; To earn money for my schooling ; In order to make money to finan
20、ce my education ; In order to make money to fund my education ; In order to earn money to afford my education等。 表达多样化,发散性思维,对地道英文表达的积累很有帮助,直接与四级考试中翻译与写作题型相关。,2. 绝对不能忽视以前词汇语法的单项选择题,尽量在以前的词汇题中挖掘新四级翻译考点,例1:The author was required to submit an abstract of about 200 words together with his research paper
21、. 上面这道题是2004年1月份四级考试的一道词汇单选题,句中的submit(提交)这个考点词在2006年6月的新四级的翻译题中再次出现,这足以说明以前的词汇语法题目的考点与新题型中的翻译题考点具有延续性与继承性。这种考点延续的例子很多,以下举几个典型例子,关于以前的词汇题考点,在未来的翻译中很可能考到的,抛砖引玉,希望引起大家重视。,例2:He gave a pledge to handle the affairs in a friendly manner . 【考点探究】 本题为2003年6月四级考试的词汇单选题,handle the affairs in a friendly manne
22、r (以友好的方式处理事务)是一个核心表达,很有可能在翻译中考查。因为在这句话中,出现了考点叠加的现象:第一,give a pledge to do sth (承诺做某事);第二,handle(处理)这个核心动词的用法;第三,in .manner(以.方式)这个重要短语;大家一定要清楚,在复习词汇单选题的时候,出现考点叠加的地方一定要高度重视,容易命题。,3. 多背搭配,同时利用经典搭配多造句子,完善语法结构。同时可以提高自己的写作水平,一举两得。 4. 强化重点语法知识。如倒装结构、虚拟语气、比较结构、定语从句、状语从句、非谓语动词等。,IV. 有可能考到的语法点:,A. 同位语从句B. 部
23、分倒装C. 否定结构D. 形式主语E. 强调结构F. 名词性从句G. 情态动词的完成式H. 独立主格结构I. 短语,IV. 有可能考到的语法点:,A. 同位语从句1). 定语从句先行词可以是任何名词,而同位语从句先行词相当有限,例如:conclusion, fact, news, idea, belief, message, hope, evidence, opinion, problem, thought, understanding 2). 同位语从句中 that 不在从句中充当任何成分,定语从句 that 充当一定句子成分。They were all very much worried
24、over the fact that you were sick.A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.,B部分倒装:把助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面,(1) 表示“也(不) I like this book. So does he. (so/neither/nor 放在句首,后面用不完全到装)(2) as引导让步状语从句时,从句的表语可以放在最前面: Great as Newton was, many of his ideas have been challenged today and are being mod
25、ified by the work of scientists of our time. Much as he likes her, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.,(3)含有否定意义的词放在句首,要用部分倒装: Never/ little/ few/ hardly/ scarcely/ seldom/ in no way/ no longer/ on no account/ under no circumstance(4)关于only:加状语放在句首,后面要用部分倒装: Only under special circumstances are
26、freshmen permitted to take make_ up tests.,Examples:,1. If you wont agree to our plan, _( 他们也不会同意 ). “neither will they” 2. Only after I slapped him on the back _( 他才发现我并高兴得叫起来 ). “did he notice me and shouted with happiness”,C. 否定结构,1) 部分否定:若否定句中出现 all,both,every,each 等类似词语,则表部分否定。 2) 形状否定: His con
27、tribution can not be exaggerated. 他的贡献极大。 You can never be careful enough. 你必须多加小心。e.g. Most people tend to believe that the newer, the better, _ ( 尽管并不总是这样 ). “though that is not always the case”,C. 否定结构,3) 形式肯定,内容否定 He is anything but / except a scholar. 他绝不是一个学者。 Swimming here is far from / not a
28、t all dangerous. 在此游泳毫无危险。 He is the last person I want to meet. 他是我最不想见的人。,D. 形式主语,翻译方法固定,可当作短语直接翻译在句子最前面。 It is reported that 据报It is estimated that 据估计 It must be admitted that 必须承认 It can not be denied that / There is no denying that 不可否认 It can be said without fear / exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说
29、e.g. _ ( 据说 ) the painter used his aunt as the model in that painting. “It is said that”,E. 强调结构: 还原强调部分,直接翻译。 e.g. It is _(重要的不是谁来统治我们), but how he rules us. “not who rules us that is important”F. 名词性从句 e.g. _ (给我印象最深的) were her liveliness and sense of humor. “What impressed me the most”,G. 情态动词的完成
30、式,e.g. The room is in a terrible mess; it _ (肯定没打扫过) . “cant have been cleaned”情态动词+have done表示推测,must / can / may / might / could / should / need / ought to各用于不同句型中,H. 独立主格结构,1. _ (随着时间的流逝), they forgot their bitter sufferings. “With time flying” “As time flies” “With the passage of time”2. _ (很多朋友
31、不在), we decided to put the meeting off. “With many friends absent”,I. 短语,1) cannot+enough“句型该句型形式上是否定句型,实际上表达的是肯定意义,意思是再也不过分;越越“2) “cannottoo”结构意为It is impossible to overdo或者无论怎样也不算过分。not可换用hardly,scarcely等,too可换用enough,sufficient等,I. 短语,3) none other than 意为 “不是别人正是”(表惊讶) eg: The winner of the spee
32、ch was none other than Tom who doesnt talk much in daily life.4) no other than 意为 “正是或只有” eg: It is no other than my mother.5) Nothing but 只有 只有奇迹才能挽救她的生命。 Nothing but a miracle can save her life.,V. 练习,1) I dont mind your_(你延期做出决定) the decision as long as it is not too late. “delaying making” mind作
33、及物动词,后面通常接名词、代词、V-ing形式、复合结构、从句等。2) I have had great deal of trouble_. (跟得上班上的其他同学) “keeping up with the rest of the class” trouble可以用在句型“have trouble doing sth. ” 做某事有困难“中,这时,trouble可以用difficulty来代替。,V. 练习,3) When I _(发现他骗我), I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. “cau
34、ght /found him cheating me” find/catch+宾语+宾补, 如I found him standing by the river.4) His remarks left me _( 想知道他的真实目的 ). “wondering about his real purpose”leave sb. doing 让某人继续处于某种状态; leave sb. to do sth 让某人干某事,V. 练习,5) If you _ ( 听从了我的劝告) you would not be in trouble now. 虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的用法, had foll
35、owed my advice6) I suggested he _ (使自己适应) his new conditions. “should adapt himself to” 要用虚拟语气的相关动词如:insist,demand,order,ask,advise等。,V. 练习,7) The little boy next door has been beating his drum for a whole morning, which got on my nerves so much ( 以至于我无法集中注意力学习 ). “that I had no way to concentrate on my study”8) The scientist tried to convince us that a tiger would not attack us _( 除非它走投无路 ). “unless its cornered” 超级单词unless除非,如果不; corner名词作角落、绝路,作为及物动词时表示无路可走.,VI. 翻译练习安排,时间以每天30分钟为宜。 借用英英字典养成良好的英文思维习惯。 坚持每天练习:3-5分钟做翻译(卡表做),8-12分钟调整译文,结合词典、语法书对照答案。 可以每天做阅读中的难句一句。,