1、1巴蜀中学高 2012 级英语语法复习 动词动词是用来表示动作或状态的，它是句子不可缺少的部分，用来说明主语是什么或者做什么。英语中的动词有不同的形式，从这些形式看出句子的失态、语态和语气。一、分类根据句法功能分类：按照词汇性质分类:延续性动词 live 生活 , lie 躺 , sit 坐,work 工作动词 非延续性动词 arrive 到达 , join 加入, die 死亡, finish 完成1. 连系动词：连接主语和表示主语身份、性质、状态的词的动词，称为连系动词。（1） 表状态的连系动词be 是 look 看上去 seem 看上去 appear 看上去显得 sit 坐 taste
2、尝起来 sound 听起来 feel 感觉 sit 坐 stand 矗立着 remain 依然 lie 躺 keep 保持 stay 保持 continue 持续I was furious when he crashed my car. 当他撞了我的车时，我很生气。Babies of two months old do not appear reluctant to enter the water. 两个月的婴儿看来不像是不肯下水的。Whatever happens, we should keep/ stay calm. 不管发生什么，我们都要保持镇静。The weather continue
3、d hot after the rain.雨后，天气依然非常热。Medicine tastes bitter but it cures diseases. 良药苦口利于病。The house stood empty for years. 这个房子多年空着。（2） 表转变或结果的连系动词become 变得 get 变得 grow 长得 turn 变得 come 成为 fall 变为 prove 证明 go 变得 At the sad news, the mothers face turned pale. 听到这个悲伤的消息，妈妈面色苍白。The crowd was going wild with
4、 excitement. 人群兴奋地疯狂起来。The students fell quiet as the teacher started to speak. 老师开始讲话后，学生安静下来了。This method proved highly effective. 这种方法证明非常高效。2. 及物动词与不及物动词及物动词与不及物动词是实义动词。实义动词是具有完整意义，可以单独作谓语的动词，主要表示主语的动作、状态和品质，也可与助动词相结合表示更加复杂的动词意义。不及物动词后面不能跟宾语。在英语中大多数动词既是及物动词，有时不及物动词，纯不及物动词很少。及物动词能跟宾语。英语中的动词大多数为及物
5、动词。大部分及物动词可以跟单宾语，少部分跟双宾语与复合结构。及物动词 like, enjoy, study 等主动词 实义动词 不及物动词 go, walk, stand 等系动词 be, keep, stay 等基本助动词 shall, do, will 等谓语动词助动词情态助动词 can, must, may 等不定时 to memorize 记住，背熟v-ing 形式 controlling 控制非谓语动词v-ed 形式 seized 抓住2（1） 跟双宾语 可变为加 to 形式的动词bring 带来 give 给 hand 递 pass 递 pay 付款 post 寄 promise
6、答应 read 读 return 返还 sell 卖 show 表现 teach 教 tell 告诉 wish 祝愿 Can you show me any evidence for your statement? (Can you show any evidence to me for your statement? ) 对你的陈述，你能向我举出什么证据吗？ We wish you every happiness in your new home. (We wish every happiness to you in your new home.) 我们祝你在新家幸福。 可变为加 for 形
7、式的动词buy 买 choose 选择 draw 画 find 发现 keep 保留 order 点菜 paint 漆 purchase 购买 save 救护 make 制作 I made her a toy horse, using just some straw and bamboo twigs. (= I made a toy horse for her, using just some straw and bamboo twigs.)我用稻草和嫩竹子给她做了一个玩具马。Your taking the trunk to the attic has saved me an extra tr
8、ip. (= Your taking the trunk to the attic has saved an extra trip for me.) 你把那个大箱子拎到阁楼上去，省得我再多走一趟。 既可变为加 to 形式也可变为加 for 形式的动词do play sing get read Could I read this letter to/for you? 我给你读一读这首诗好吗？Lily has gone to the corner shop to get some food for / to her brother. 莉莉到街道拐角处的小卖店给弟弟买吃的去了。She sang se
9、veral English songs for/ to us by request. 她应邀为我们唱了几首英语歌。【要点拓展】有时同一个动词后选择 to 与 for 意义不同。If you are not able to do it, let me do it for you. 如果你不能做， 我来为你做吧！Staying up too late will do harm to you. 熬夜太晚对你有害。（2）跟复合结构在英语中有些动词只跟一个宾语意义不完整，宾语后必须再加上一个成分（宾语补足语） 。 可跟形容词或形容词短语作宾语的动词believe 相信 drive 驱使 find 发现
10、get 使 keep 使保持 leave 使 make 使 push 推 set 使 think 认为 consider 认为 cut 切 dye 染 declare 宣布 imagine 想象 judge 判断 paint 漆 force 逼迫 knock 撞 wipe 擦Leave all the windows open while doing the experiment.做实验时让所有窗户都打开。The loud noise almost drove me mad. 这巨大的噪音几乎使我发疯了。 可用名词短语作宾补的动词appoint 任命 call 叫 name 命名 make 使
11、变为 consider 认为 find 认为 keep 使 choose 选择 elect 选举 believe 认为 judge 判断 think 认为 reckon 认为 guess猜测 suppose 推想，假设After she had served as a teacher for years, the headmaster appointed her Dean of the Department this year. 她多年当教师，校长今年聘她为系主任。We call this flower carnation. 我们称这种花为康乃馨。 可带 to 不定式结构做宾补的动词advis
12、e 建议 allow 允许 ask 要求 cause 引起 command 命令 enable 使能够 encourage 鼓励 expect 期望 forbid 禁止 force 逼迫 get 使 inspire 鼓舞 3instruct 指导 intend 打算 invite 邀请 mean 打算 oblige 使承担义务 order 命令 permit 允许 persuade 说服 prefer 更喜欢 remind 提醒 teach 教 tell 告诉 trust 信任 urge 敦促 want 想要 wish 希望 warn 警告 challenge 使挑战Dont allow pr
13、oblems to worry you all the time. 不要让问题老困扰你。I didnt intend her to see the painting until it was finished. 哗哗完之前，我不想让你看见。可带 “to be + 名词或形容词”或 to have done 结构做宾补的动词assume 假设 believe 认为 claim 声称 consider 认为 declare 宣布 discover 发现 feel 感觉 find 发现 imagine 想象 know 知道 learn 学会 prove 证明 reckon 认为 suppose 猜测
14、 understand 理解 say 认为、假定（常用被动）The two men declared themselves to be bankrupt. 这两个人称自己破产了。We all supposed Lance to be German, but in fact he was Swiss. 我们都猜测兰斯是德国人，但事实上他是瑞士人。We dont consider Ivy to be suitable for the job. 我们认为艾薇不适合这个工作。可带不带 to 的不定式作宾补的动词（在变为被动结构时，必须加 to）have 使 make 使 let 让 see 看见 he
15、ar 听见 notice 注意 feel 感觉 watch 注意看 look at 看 listen to 听 observe 观察 discover 发现 Parents should let their children think for themselves. 父母应当让孩子独立思考。Paul doesnt have to be made to learn. 保罗不必被逼着学习。可用 -ing 形式作宾补的动词see 看见 hear 听见 keep 使 catch 抓住 find 发现 have 让 watch 注意看 smell 闻到 look at 看 listen to 听 ob
16、serve 观察 discover 发现 get 使 I often catch my parents reading my private letters.我经常发现父母读我的私人信件。The boy was last seen playing by the riverside.人们最后一次看见这个小男孩是他在河边玩。（v-ing 形式作主语补足语）【疑难辨析】 动词-ing 形式做宾补和作直接宾语的区别-ing 形式做宾补说明宾语正在进行的行为。如：I saw Jim sitting in the front of the hall. 我看见吉姆正坐在大厅的最前面。-ing 形式作直接宾语
17、不表示正在进行，只表示一个事件。如：I cant imagine him/his living on a lonely island. 我想象不出他生活在孤岛的情形。跟“间接宾语+-ing 形式”做直接宾语的常用动词有： mind suggest imagine avoid 等，这些动词既可直接加-ing 形式作宾语，也可在-ing 形式前加代词的宾格形式，代词的所有格形式，名词或名词所有格。如： I dont mind you / your/ Jane/ Jans forgetting my name. 你/简把我的名字忘了，我并不介意。可用 -ed 形式做宾补的动词have make le
18、t see hear notice look at listen to observe discover get feel watch If you want to make yourself respected, you should first of all respect others. 如果你想让别人尊重你，你首先必须尊重别人。I often heard this song sung by young people.我经常听到年轻人唱这首歌。 可用 as 等引起的介词短语（as 后跟名词、代词或形容词）作宾语的动词regard consider choose use keep reco
19、gnize 4represent think of describe refer to qualifyWe all regard our teacher as the best friend. 我们都把老师当做最好的朋友。You can keep this book as your own. 你可以留着这本书。 可用副词或介词短语作宾补的动词allow ask get find let drive shut see invite notice keep order show lead hear discoverI dont really like the cat. Just allow it
20、out.我不是太喜欢猫， 让它出去。Show the visitor in, please.请把客人带进来。Keep all these books on the shelf and take them when necessary. 把所有的书放在书架上，用时随时拿。3. 持续性动词与非持续性动词（1）持续性动词：又称延续性动词，表示一种可以持续的行为过程或状态。accompany adore affect arrest contain continue convey desire drink eat fly have keep know lie live play rain read ru
21、n sing sleep smoke snow stand talk wait walk wear work（2） 终止性动词：又称非延续性动词，表示行为或过程是短暂瞬间完成的。absorb admit apologize arrive begin betray borrow break buy cancel cause close come die fall go hit join jump leave lose marry open put start stop submit 提交 substitute 代替 tolerate 容忍 underline violate 违犯【高频考点】持续
22、性动词与终止性动词的转换终止性 持续性 终止性 持续性 终止性 持续性arrive stay put lie leave be awaybuy have marry be married lie down lieborrow keep get to know know sit down sitlearn know come back be back stand up standput on wear（3） 持续性动词与终止性动词的用法区别 持续性动词可用表示一段时间的状语修饰，而终止性动词则不可。I have been working here for a couple of years. 我
23、已经在这里工作两年了。We have known each other since childhood.自孩提时起我们就认识。Usually on Sundays I sleep until 9 a.m. 通常星期天我睡觉睡到上午九点钟。 有时，终止性动词也能同表示一段时间的状语搭配，一种情况是表示一段时间内的某个时间“点” ，一种是在否定句中。We havent met each other for many years. 我们多年没见面了。We didnt find our seats till the play had begun.我们直到戏开始才找到位子。The rain hasnt
24、stopped since three hours ago.这雨三个小时没停了。The play will start in half an hour. 这出戏半个小时后开始。The fire broke out during the night. 火是夜间发生的。 终止性动词一般不用于 while 引起的时间状语从句中。While the family came here from Russia, they were penniless.(错)While the wind blows, all the doors rattle. (错) 持续性动词表示一时的动作，可以在该动词前加 get/b
25、egin/comeThey began to see that they had made a serious mistake.5We came to know each other a score of years ago.4. 助动词助动词本身没有意义，只是帮助实义动词完成某些语法功能，如表示时态、语态，构成否定句、疑问句等，不能单独做谓语。助动词主要有：be, do, have, shall, will 等。（1） bebe 用作助动词和它用作联系动词一样，有人称、数和时态等变化。可与现在分词构成进行时态，与过去分词构成被动语态。现在时态 过去时态 现在分词 过去分词单数 am was第
26、一人称复数 are werebeing been第二人称 单/复数 are were being been第三人称 单数 is was复数 are werebeing been We are playing an interesting computer game. 我们在玩一个有趣的电脑游戏。Were you sleeping when I called last evening?昨天晚上我打电话时，你在睡觉吗？You are wanted on the phone, Miss Green.有你的电话，格林小姐。-Have the postcards been posted?这些贺卡都寄出去
27、了吗？-No, they havent. 还没有呢。（2）have: 与过去分词凑成完成时态肯定式 缩略肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式原形 have ve have not havent, ve not现在时第三人称单数 has s has not hasnt, s not过去式 had d had not hadnt, d notPamela has phoned me about your coming. 帕梅拉已把你要来的事打电话告诉我了。I havent heard from her since she left China.自从她离开中国我就未收到她的来信。I had read this
28、 book long before it reached China.概述在介绍到中国之前很久我就度过。（3）do 主要用来帮助十一动词构成否定、疑问形式。肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式原形 do do not dont现在时第三人称单数 does does not doesnt过去式 did did not didntI like coffee, but my parents dont .我喜欢喝咖啡，但我父母不喜欢。Do you often carry a camera? 你经常带着照相机吗？I didnt know you were coming until Friday. 我直到星期五才知
29、道你要来。（4）will , would, shall, shouldwill, shall 用于构成一般将来时，would, should 用于构成过去将来时； shall, shuld 主要用于第一人称，will, would 可用于一切人称。肯定式 缩略肯定式 否定式 缩略否定式will ll will not wont, ll notwould d would wouldnt, d notshall ll shall not shant6should d should not shouldntWill the new film be played next week? 下周将放映这场新
30、电影吗？They said it would be fine the next day. 他们说第二天天气会好的。I shall let you know as soon as I get the news. 我一得到消息就告诉你。We shant be coming back today. 今天我们回不来了。We thought we should never see you again. 我们原意为再也见不到你了。【要点拓展】1. will, would, shall, should 除了表示单纯的将来时间以外，更多的是用作情态动词2. shall, should 用于第一人称表示单纯的将
31、来时，在现代英语中常用 will, would 替代二、动词的形式英语动词有五种基本形式：原形，一般现在时第三人称单数，过去式，过去分词，现在分词。1. 一般现在时第三人称单数规则 原形 单数形式一般动词加-s graduate graduates以st音素或以字母 o 结尾的动词，加-esaddressabolishscratchdoaddressesabolishesscratchesdoes以辅音字母+y 结尾的动词，变 y 为 ies.flyapplyfliesapplies2. 现在分词规则 动词原形 现在分词一般情况下直接加-ing cry crying以不发音的 e 结尾的动词，
32、去 e 再加-ingcreateabidecreatingabiding以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写辅音字母再加-ingban, can, mop, begin, put, occur, prefer,banning, canning, mopping, beginning, putting, occurring, preferring少数以 ie 结尾的动词，先变ie 为 y，再加 ingdie, lie, tie, dying, lying, tying以 oe, ee, ye 结尾的动词，直接加 ingsee, agree, flee, hoe, toe seei
33、ng, agreeing, fleeing, hoeing, toeing3. 规则动词的过去式、过去分词动词原形 过去式 过去分词一般情况加-ed help, look, work helped, looked, worked helped, looked, worked词尾为不发音的 e，加-dlike, live, love liked, lived, loved liked, lived, loved词尾为辅音字母+y，变 y 为 i,再加-edtry, study, cry tried, studied, cried tried, studied, cried以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只
34、有一个辅音字plan, stop, nod, preferplanned, stopped, nodded, preferredplanned, stopped, nodded, preferred7母的动词，要双写辅音字母再加-ed【要点拓展】travel 的过去式和过去分词英国英语写法为 travelled, travelled，而美国英语写法为traveled, traveled。在英语中这样的动词还有 quarrel, model, control, dial, signal, worship, focus 等。4. 不规则动词的过去式、过去分词1). A-A-A 型：动词原形、过去式
35、、过去分词字形和读音完全相同。如：bet/ bet/ bet put/ put/ put burst/ burst/ burst rid/ rid/ rid cast/ cast/ castset/ set/ set split/ split/ split cost/ cost/ cost cut/ cut/ cut shed/ shed/ shed2). A-B-A 型：动词原形、过去分词字形与读音完全相同，动词的过去式只是改变中间元音。如：become/ became/ become run/ ran/ run overcome/ overcame/ overcome3). A-B-B 型
36、：动词的过去式、过去分词的字形与读音完全相同。如：bend/ bent/ bent build/ built/ built bleed/ bled/ bled lend/ lent/ lentbreed/ bred/ bred lose/ lost/ lost bring/ brought/ brought Make/ made/ made meet/ met/ met pay/ paid/ paid lay/ laid/ laid4). A-B-B 或 A-A-ed-A-ed 型：动词过去式、过去分词大多完全相同，同时每一个动词原形分别有两种形式的过去式和过去分词。如：burn/ burnt
37、/ burnt burn/ burned/ burned dream/ dreamt/ dreamt dream/ dreamed/ dreamed5). A-B-C 型：动词的原形、过去式和过去分词三者完全不同。如：be/ am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ been ride/ rode/ ridden bear/ bore/ born (borne)ring/ rang/ rung do/ did/ done blow/ blew/ blown fly/ flew/ flownchoose/ chose/ chosen draw/ drew/ drawn drink/ dra
38、nk/ drunkrise/ rose/ risen shake/ shook/ shaken speak/ spoke/ spoken swear/ swore/ swornwear/ wore/ worn tear/ tore/ torn sink/ sank/ sunk sing/ sang/ sung三、动词词组以动词为中心构成的词组称为动词词组，英语中的动词词组数以万计，起着重要作用。1. 特点1). 动词词组的结构动词+副词(on, in, up, down, away, out, off 等)。以动词 look 为例：look about 四处寻找、考虑、查看 look ahea
39、d 计划未来、预算未来look around 到处寻找、查看、观光 look away 把脸转过去look back 回顾、追忆 look down 俯视look here 听我说（唤起注意） look in 顺道访问look on 旁观 look out 留神、照料look over 调查 look round 环顾、观光、查看look up 向上看、仰望动词+介词：都是及物动词词组，后面可跟宾语。以 set 为例：set about 着手、开始 set against 反对、使平衡 set at 袭击set before 放在前面 set beside 跟相比 set on 攻击动词+副词
40、+介词get away from 逃离 get along with 进展 get away with 逃脱处罚get down to 开始认真做 keep away from 远离 keep up with 与 保持同步8动词+名词+介词make friends with 与交朋友 make fun of 取笑 make sense of 搞清make progress in 在取得进步 make room for 为 腾出空 make way for 让路给make use of 利用 take account of 考虑 take advantage of 利用 attach impor
41、tance to 重视 take pride in 以为骄傲 take command of 开始控制 be/ become/ get +形容词+ 介词be/ become/ get used to 习惯于 be short of 短缺 be busy with 忙于be afraid of 害怕、担心 be absent from 缺席 be anxious about 担忧be ashamed of 感到羞愧 be aware of 明白，了解 be different from 与不同be particular about 对挑剔 be rich in 含有丰富的 be weak in
42、不擅长于动词+名词make sense 讲得通 make a bed 整理床铺 make a bet 打牌 make a bow 鞠躬make faces 扮鬼脸 make fashion 做做样子 lose courage 丧失勇气 lose heart 灰心2). 动词词组的及物性及物动词词组A. 所有“动词+介词” 和“ 动词 +其他词+介词”词组都是及物动词。如：How do you look at our new history teacher? 你认为我们的新历史老师怎么样？Learn to take care of yourself and the people around y
43、ou. 学会照顾自己和你周围的人。B. 大部分“动词+副词” 结构可用作及物动词。如：Hold on to your idea. Dont give it up. 坚持你的主见，不要放弃。Hold up your head when you say sorry to others. 当你向别人道歉时要抬高头。不及物动词词组有些“动词+副词” 词组是不及物动词词组。如：Look out! Theres danger ahead. 当心！前面有危险。大多数短语动词既可作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，但词义往往有变化。They carried on the discussion late into
44、the night. 他们一直讨论到深夜。Dont worry about me. Just carry on. 不要担心我。我们继续吧。I must look up the time of your train. 我得查一下你火车的时间。Things are beginning to look up now. 一切开始好转。2. 词组中宾语的位置A. 跟双宾语1). 将两个宾语放在构成短语动词的动副词之间。bring us our books back 把我们的书带回来 get me my money back 把我的钱要回来2). 将间接宾语放在副词前，将直接宾语置于副词后。bring u
45、s back our books 把我们的书带回来 get me back my money 把我的钱要回来3). 利用 for 和 to.bring some stamps back for me 给我带些邮票回来 pass it to me 把它递给我4). 有些介词后接两个宾语，通常由介词分开，前面为表示人或地点的词，后面为介词宾语。rob sb. of sth. 抢了某人的东西 cheat sb. of sth. 把某东西从某人那里骗走remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事 provide sb. with sth. 给某人提供某物B. “动词+副词” 中，若宾语是名词，则放于副词前后均可，宾语是代词放于副词前。Try on the shoes. (= Try the shoes on.) 试试这双鞋。I like the shoes. Let me try them on. 我喜欢这双鞋，让我试一下。C. 短语与动词的转换很多“动副”和“ 动介”结构相当于一个及物动词9call on=visit 拜访 care for= like 喜欢 go by= pass 经过 keep on= continue 继续bring up= educate 教育 ring up= telephone 打电话 set out= start 开始
