1、,学术英语 理工,Academic English for Science and Engineering,Unit 2 Searching for Information,Unit Contents,1 Finding reliable and better sources 2 Scanning and skimming 3 Identifying topic sentences for information 4 Guessing word meaning 5 Using the organization of the text 6 Reading critically 7 Taking
2、notes 8 Writing a summary,1 Finding reliable and better sources,To evaluate source materials Tasks,Unit 2 Searching for Information,1 Finding reliable and better sources,To evaluate source materials,Is the material a primary or a secondary source?Is the source the latest one?Is the author a reliable
3、 scholar or an expert in the field?Does the author have biases or prejudices?Has the author been cited frequently in the field?Are the authors arguments supported by evidence such as statistics, experiment, recent scientific findings?Are different opinions considered and weighed or simply ignored ?A
4、re the authors arguments and conclusions convincing?,Unit 2 Searching for Information,1 Finding reliable and better sources,Tasks,Check the reliability of the sources on Page 40. Search for source materials your paper may use and then write down the titles and sources of the articles. The model is g
5、iven on Page 41. Mark the reasons for your choice of the articles.,Unit 2 Searching for Information,2 Scanning and skimming,Tips for scanning and skimming Task 1 using scanning and skimming strategyText 5 Can you complete with A.I. for the Next job?,Unit 2 Searching for Information,2 Scanning and sk
6、imming,Tips for scanning and skimming,keep in mind at all times what you are searching for (e.g., the definition of a term, the effect of a phenomenon);search thesis statements and topic sentences in paragraphs for the information you want to gain;use the knowledge of the essay organization (such as
7、 cause-effect, comparison-contrast, problem-solution) to find what you are looking for; pay attention to signal words such as numbers, letters, steps, the words such as first, second, and next, or words that are bold-faced, italics, or in different sizes, fonts, etc.,Scanning:,Unit 2 Searching for I
8、nformation,2 Scanning and skimming,Tips for scanning and skimming,the title and subtitles;the abstract (if there is one);the introduction and thesis;the first or last paragraphs of the essays/chapters;headings and subheadings;the conclusion and summaries;the first sentence or the last sentence of ea
9、ch paragraph;highlighted texts such as words in bold or italic text;graphs, tables or diagrams.,Skimming:,Unit 2 Searching for Information,2 Scanning and skimming,What does “A.I.” in the title stand for?,Artificial intelligence.,2 What is the main idea of the article you may predict from the title?,
10、3 What does the story in the first paragraph imply?,The article may argue for/again the idea that Artificial intelligence will replace human jobs in the future.,The story tells that computerization threatens to replace many white-collar jobs.,Unit 2 Searching for Information,2 Scanning and skimming,
11、4 What does the last paragraph suggest in terms of the authors attitude?,The author is optimistic and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs.,5 What is the topic sentence of the second paragraph?,The specter of automation unemploying us all may have finally arrived.,Unit 2 Searching for
12、 Information,2 Scanning and skimming,6 The key sentence refers to the sentence informing readers of the attitude of the author. Can you locate the key sentence(s) in the first three paragraphs?,7 Can you locate the places where the idea of the key sentence is repeated?,But the mass job shrinkage tha
13、t these observers all expected did not come.,Yet Americans as a whole were not automated out of work (Para. 8, L1). Yet, through all that, more new jobs appeared (Para. 11, L2).,Unit 2 Searching for Information,2 Scanning and skimming,8 What does the subheading “Demands of a new economy” tell us?,Ma
14、n will not lose jobs because there will always be demands of a new economy.,9 What does one of Leinbachs neighbors mean when she wrote about the order of her shoes?,10 What does the subheading “Saving leads to spending” mean?,The neighbors would prefer to order the shoes from machine-handling factor
15、ies.,Saving will lead to spending which in turn will create newer, perhaps better jobs tomorrow.,Unit 2 Searching for Information,Unit 2 Searching for information,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 5,2 Scanning and skimming,1 What was the virtual end of farming in American history?
16、Please explain the declining trend of farming workers in the US.,The biggest occupational displacement in American history was the virtual end of farming. Declining trend: Around the time of the Revolution, about 90 percent of Americans were involved in farming. But as the agricultural industry grew
17、, it needed fewer and fewer workers. The absolute number of people who worked at farming and ranching hit its peak in about 1910at around 11 or 12 millionand then the number dropped off rapidly. Today, agriculture provides fewer than two million jobs.,Additional questions for your understanding of T
18、ext 5,2 What is the example the writer gives to show that automation made products cheaper?,The example is: Around 1900 a pound of bread cost an American about half an hour of hard factory work; around 2000, a pound of fresher, more nutritious bread cost about five minutes of much easier work.,2 Sca
19、nning and skimming,Unit 2 Searching for information,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 5,3 What does the historical trend in American work suggest?,The historical trend in American work suggests some optimism that better jobs for humans are coming, but history also suggests that few
20、 trends move in the same direction for very long.,2 Scanning and skimming,Unit 2 Searching for information,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,5 c,10 i,1 e,2 h,3 a,4 g,6 b,7 j,8 f,9 d,2 Scanning and skimming,Unit 2 Searching for information,Enhancing your academi
21、c language,Match the words with their definitions.,2 Scanning and skimming,1 electric power (自动化) equipment 2 (职业的) disease 3 illegal (移民) 4 Music can (振奋) your spirits. 5 result in substantial population (转移) 6 the (手工制作的) furniture 7 He has (在牧场工作) in the north for 20 years. 8 eat (有营养的) food 9 be
22、 (卷入) in the trouble 10 a new (装配) line 11 (屈服) to the enemy 12 make (难以置信的) progress 13 unrealistic (乐观) 14 in recent (暴徒) violence,automation,occupational,immigrant,uplift,displacement,hand-crafted,ranched,nutritious,involved,assembly,yield,incredible,optimism,mob,Unit 2 Searching for information,
23、Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,2 Scanning and skimming,15 get (专业的) help 16 the luggage should be (加上标签) 17 financial (分析员) 18 trade (盈余) 19 attack on pearl (海港) 20 a professional (专栏作家) 21 the (事实上的) manager of the business 22 underestimate the strength of
24、the (革命的) forces 23 untie the (鞋带) and take off your shoes 24 trying to (削弱) his authority 25 (交换) furs for guns 26 a(n) (可诉讼的) case 27 raise the (恐惧) of oil crisis 28 (仔细翻看) through her purse 29 He has got a(n) (大量的) of money.,professional,labelled,analyst,surplus,harbor,columnist,virtual,revolutio
25、nary,undercut,lace,barter,litigable,specter,sift,pot,Unit 2 Searching for information,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the paragraph,2 Scanning and skimming,Robots are playing (越来越重要的作用) in our life. They replaced humans in the assistance of performing those repetitive and dangerous tasks,
26、(那些人类不愿做或不能做的事) such as in outer space or at the bottom of the sea (以及诸如此类的事) where humans could not survive the extreme environments. But the important role of robots does not (解决人类的担忧). (问题提了出来): Will robots control man?,increasingly important role,tasks humans prefer not to do,or are unable to do
27、,and the like,settle mans worries,Some questions are raised,Unit 2 Searching for information,Enhancing your academic language,Translate the following sentences from Text 5 into Chinese.,1 最近在纽约时报上刊登的一篇文章谈到了一种新计算机软件，该软件在瞬间就能通过数以千计的法律文件筛选并寻找到那些可诉讼的条款，这为律师们节省了在阅读文件上所花费的数百小时。,2 他们主要靠耕种来养活自己，然后再多种一些用以物品交
28、易或卖一些盈余。,3 从事农业和畜牧业者的绝对数量大约在1910年时达到顶峰（约有1,1001,200万），在此之后人数便急剧下降。,2 Scanning and skimming,Unit 2 Searching for information,Enhancing your academic language,Translate the following sentences from Text 5 into Chinese.,4 这个故事总结了美国几个世纪以来的工作经历，从失业工人的层面上讲是悲剧，但从全国劳动力的层面上讲是件好事。,5 人工智能是一种新的自动化技术吗？是一种削弱了曾经是2
29、0世纪末就业标志的脑力工作的技术吗？是一种只会消除更好的工作机会的技术吗？,2 Scanning and skimming,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Two parts of a topic sentence Task 1 Task 2 Task 3Text 6 Game Theory,Unit 2 Searching for Information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,A topic sen
30、tence consists of two parts:,Modern technology + intrudes into modern mens fun and relaxationNutritional deficiency + is a major problem of elderly Americans,topic + a comment,Examples:,Unit 2 Searching for Information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,the definition of “hacker”: Paragra
31、ph _,Which paragraphs will you read in detail if you want to get the following information?,the ways to protect your computer from hackers: Paragraph _,2,11,Unit 2 Searching for Information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,1 Game theory is the science of strategy. (Para. 1),Games are fu
32、ndamentally different from decisions made in a neutral environment. (Para. 3),The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. (Para. 4),A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game is to look ahead and reason back. (Para. 5),Unit 2 Searching for Information,3 Identif
33、ying topic sentences for information,In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle. (Para. 7),6 Another way to make threats credible is to employ the adventuresome strategy of brinkmanshipdeliberately creating a risk that
34、if other players fail to act as one would like them to, the outcome will be bad for everyone. (Para. 17),Unit 2 Searching for Information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,the definition of “game theory”: Paragraph _,the general principles of a player: Paragraph _,the fundamentals of gam
35、e theory: Paragraph _,1,5-10,12-19,Unit 2 Searching for Information,Unit 2 Searching for information,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 6,1 What does game theory attempt to do?,It attempts to determine mathematically and logically the actions that “players” should take to secure the
36、 best outcomes for themselves in a wide array of “games”.,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 6,2 The writer mentions that “The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.” What are the two distinct types of strategic i
37、nterdependence? Please explain.,Sequential and simultaneous. In the former the players move in sequence, each aware of the others previous actions. In the latter the players act at the same time, each ignorant of the others actions.,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for
38、information,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 6,3 In the case of “the prisoners dilemma”, if suspect A confess, what should suspect B do to avoid especially harsh punishment?,Suspect B had better confess to avoid harsh punishment.,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topi
39、c sentences for information,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,5 h,10 g,1 d,2 f,3 i,4 b,6 c,7 a,8 e,9 j,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,1 Some
40、 places are (有问题的) for women traveling alone. 2 I have to make some (推测). 3 go through what he calls a period of political (边缘政策) 4 She reminds us of the famous (格言). 5 enjoy the (垄断) of cigarette business 6 try to (隐藏) his envy 7 If you want a(n) (份额) of the pay, youll have to do your fair share of
41、 the work. 8 They threatened him with a(n) (诉讼). 9 No difficulty can (阻止) us from trying it again. 10 joint together for (相互的) benefits,problematic,presumptions,brinkmanship,dictum,monopoly,conceal,share,lawsuit,deter,mutual,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for informat
42、ion,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,11 If you are serious about our relationship, you should make (保证). 12 promise never to (泄露) his secret 13 a(n) (有目的的) decision and action 14 (过得) badly during those days 15 the (相互依赖) between humans and nature 16 The troop
43、s were thoroughly (士气低落) by this setback. 17 The children helped the old man (共同地). 18 He (规定) payment in advance. 19 The car is sold with a 12-month (担保). 20 The benefits have (超过) the risk. 21 Too much food will (引起) sleepiness. 22 force applied (一致地) over a surface,commitment,reveal,purposive,far
44、e,interdependence,demoralized,collectively,stipulated,warranty,outweighed,induce,uniformly,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,23 the (最佳的) method for improving speaking practice 24 re
45、fuse to (承认) to his crime 25 Even the best quality rubber will (毁坏) with age. 26 Unless the employers (采取行动) quickly, there will be a strike. 27 be faced with a(n) (两难境地) 28 remain (中立的) in the war 29 (无法忍受的) temper and attitude 30 The right hand is (占优势的) in most people. 31 His statement doesnt (符合
46、) with the facts. 32 the (结果) of the election 33 (吓退) the man off 34 It is a(n) (直线的) diagram.,optimal,confess,perish,dilemma,move,neutral,intolerable,dominant,square,bluff,outcome,linear,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Enhancing your academic language,
47、Complete the paragraph,Few social situations can be modeled by a single interaction. The strategy one uses to (为自己得到最好的结果) depends on his experience in previous interactions.(为了说明这一点), the paper (尝试运用) the example of a game. A player is likely to cooperate only if his opponent previously demonstrated willingness to cooperate, (这个过程就导致了) a relationship of mutual reciprocity. (这种例子还出现) in other situations where social interaction occurs.,
