1、This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller
2、and DS18B20 temperature sensor.抗菌药物的监督管理与合理应用黑龙江省医院 药学部何心This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The c
3、ore components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.主要内容123抗菌药物的监督管理抗菌药物的合理应用This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital tempera
4、ture sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.主要内容123抗菌药物的监督管理抗菌药物的合理应用This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature mea
5、surement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动卫生部办公厅关于做好全国抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动的通知 2011年 4月 卫生部办公厅关于继续深入开展全国抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动的通知 2012年 3月 5日卫生
6、部抗菌药物临床应用管理办法 2012年 4月 24日卫生计生委关于进一步开展全国抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动的通知 2013年 5月 6日This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcom
7、puter. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.卫生部对抗菌药物临床应用管理提出了要求 抗菌药物临床应用管理办法 抗菌药物专项整治活动强化了对抗菌药物临床用药的管理与监督。六章， 59条第一章 总 则第二章 组织机构和职责第三章 抗菌药物临床应用管理第四章 监 督 管 理第五章 法 律 责 任第六章 附 则This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature
8、control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.一、明确抗菌药物临床应用管理责任制二、实施抗菌药物分级管理三、抗菌药物临床应用
9、监测和评估抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C
10、51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.一、 明确抗菌药物临床应用管理责任制组织机构和职责 :l 医 疗 机构 负责 人是抗菌 药 物合理使用管理的 第一 责 任人（ 分 级 签订抗菌药物合理应用责任状 ）l 医 疗 机构 应 当建立抗菌 药 物管理 工作制度和 监 督管理机制l 开展抗菌药物临床应用基本情况调查。l 建立抗菌药物遴选和定期评估制度，加强抗菌药物购用管理。l 二 级 以上医院在 药 事管理与 药 物治 疗 学委会下 设 立 抗菌 药 物管理工作 组This paper mainly introduces the des
11、ign of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.一、 明
12、确抗菌药物临床应用管理责任制严格控制抗菌药物购用 备案制 三级医院不得超过 50种， 二级医院不得超过 35种 同一通用名称药品的品种， 注射剂型 和 口服剂型 各 不得超过 2种 ，处方组成类同的复方制剂 1-2种。 具有相似或相同药学特征的药品不得重复采购。 对三代及四代头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物、深部抗真菌类抗菌药物进行了限定： 三代及四代头孢菌素 （含复方制剂）类抗菌药物 口服剂型不得超 5个品规 ，注射剂型不得超过 8个品规 头霉素类 抗菌药物 不超过 2个品规 碳青霉烯类 抗菌药物 注射剂型不得超过 3个品规 氟喹诺酮类 抗菌药物 口服剂型和注射剂型各不得超过 4个品规 深部抗真
13、菌类 抗菌药物 不得超过 5个品规 不超过 5个品种强调： 1.目录调整、2.目录外购用This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core component
14、s of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.一般对 轻度与局部感染 患者首 先选用 非限制 使用的抗菌药物进行治疗。严重感染、免疫功能低下者合并感染或病 原菌只对 限制使用 抗菌药物敏感时，可选用 限制使用抗菌药物治疗 ；特殊使用特殊使用 抗菌药物的选用应从严控制。抗菌药物的选用应从严控制。 -会诊制会诊制二、实施抗菌药物分级管理-分级管理办法分级管理办法This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperatur
15、e control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.二、实施抗菌药物分级管理-严格医师和药师资质管理l 二级以上医院对本机构医
16、师和药师进行抗菌药物临床应用知识和规范化管理 培训 ，经 考核 合格的 授予相应的 处方权和调剂资格 ；l 其他医疗机构执业医师、药师由设区的市级卫生行政部门组织相关培训、考核，经考核合格的，授予抗菌药物处方权或调剂资格This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperatur
17、e sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.非限制使用非限制使用限制使用限制使用特殊使用特殊使用主治医师以上职称主治医师以上职称分级获得处方权限！ !副主任医师以上职称副主任医师以上职称住院医师以上职称住院医师以上职称This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature co
18、ntrol system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.三、抗菌药物临床应用监测和评估 门诊患者抗菌药物使用率 50次 /人。 接受限制使
19、用级抗菌药物治疗的住院患者抗菌药物使用前微生物检验样本送检率不低于 50%；接受特殊使用级抗菌药物治疗的住院患者抗菌药物使用前微生物送检率不低于 80%。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip
20、microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.抗菌药物临床应用评价医疗机构合理用药指标Rational Use of Drug处方指标Prescription indicators抗菌药物用药指标Indicators of antimicrobial drug use外科清洁手术预防用药指标Antimicrobial drugs use indicator of perioperative clean incisionThis
21、 paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and
22、DS18B20 temperature sensor.14就诊（或急诊）使用抗菌药物的百分率就诊（或急诊）使用抗菌药物的百分率释义释义（一）处方指标（一）处方指标 (Prescription indicators)l 目的：在总体水平上，考查抗菌药物使用情况。l 明确抗菌药物的范围。l 就诊使用抗菌药物人次：指使用的抗菌药物人次，无论其用了几种抗菌药物，即一个病人挂一次号就诊时使用了抗菌药物，就计为：就诊使用抗菌药物 1人次l 同期就诊总人次：指在同一个抽样时间段内，病人就诊总人次，即在同一个抽样时间段内挂号的病人人次l 统计：将每次就诊使用抗菌药物的例数除以就诊总人数乘 100。This p
23、aper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS
24、18B20 temperature sensor.15（二）抗菌药物用药指标（二）抗菌药物用药指标 (indicators of antimicrobial drug use)1.住院患者人均使用抗菌药物品种数住院患者人均使用抗菌药物品种数释义释义l 目的：测量每例使用抗菌药物的住院者平均用了几种抗菌药物。l 出院患者：因在抽样期间，住院患者用药没有停止，无法计算，故使用同期出院患者的相关数据进行统计。l 同期：在一个抽样时间段内，使用抗菌药物的出院总人数。l 明确抗菌药物的范围。l 抗菌药物品种数：按抗菌药物的通用名统计。l 统计：抽样期间，全部出院患者使用的抗菌药物总品种数除以同期使用抗菌
25、药物的总例数This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontr
26、oller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.162.住院患者人均使用抗菌药物费用住院患者人均使用抗菌药物费用（二）抗菌药物用药指标（二）抗菌药物用药指标 (indicators of antimicrobial drug use)释义释义l 目的：测算患者住院期间所使用的抗菌药物平均费用l 出院患者：因在抽样期间，住院患者用药没有停止，无法计算，故使用同期出院患者的相关数据进行统计。l 同期：在一个抽样时间段内，使用抗菌药物的出院总人数。l 抗菌药物的费用按药品最近的购入价格（按商品名计价）。l 统计：抽样期间，全部出院患者使用的抗菌药物总费用除以同期使用抗菌药物
27、的总例数This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontrol
28、ler and DS18B20 temperature sensor.173.住院患者使用抗菌药物的百分率住院患者使用抗菌药物的百分率释义释义（二）抗菌药物用药指标（二）抗菌药物用药指标 (indicators of antimicrobial drug use)l 目的：测算住院患者使用抗菌药物的情况此项是以病人使用抗菌药物例数计算的，一个病例中无论其使用了几种抗菌药物（包括不同剂型），都只计为 1例使用抗菌药物例数。l 如分组（手术组、非手术组或预防组、治疗组）计算，同期总出院人数不相同时要考虑权重。This paper mainly introduces the design of an
29、 intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.184. 抗菌药物使用强度抗
30、菌药物使用强度释义释义（二）抗菌药物用药指标（二）抗菌药物用药指标 (indicators of antimicrobial drug use)l 抗菌药物使用强度：是指每 100人天中消耗抗菌药物的 DDD数。l DDD值：按照 WHO推荐的药物应用日处方协定剂量计算：（ defined daily doses , DDD），同一通用名的药物剂型不同 DDD值也不同。 l 某个抗菌药物的 DDD数该抗菌药物消耗量除以 DDD值（克 /DDD值）。l 抗菌药物消耗量（累计 DDD数）所有抗菌药物 DDD数的和。l 收治患者人天数：指在同一抽样时间段内出院患者总数与同期患者平均住院天数的乘积。T
31、his paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller a
32、nd DS18B20 temperature sensor.l 抗菌药物使用强度（ DDD）DDD为抗菌药物主要适应症的平均每日维持剂量（成人）每天、每 100或 1000名住院病人抗菌药物消耗的 DDD。DDD提供了一种与药物价格和配方无关的测量单位。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus d
33、igital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.DDD以成人每日常用剂量作为标准剂量，将不同药物的消耗量换算为统一标准单位。可以计算单一病例或所有病例使用药物累积 DDD或平均 DDD，也可以计算使用不同种类药物的累积DDD。目前国外有关抗菌药物临床使用的研究大多采用这一指标。世界卫生组织推荐 DDD为研究药物使用合理性的指标，并
34、颁布了用来规范此类研究的每一种抗生素的标准 DDD值。-累积每日约定剂量累积每日约定剂量（ defined daily doses, DDD）The DDD is the assumed average maintenance dose per day for a drug used its main indication in adults DDDThis paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperat
35、ure measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.阿莫西林1克头孢他啶4克+ + = ?庆大霉素1 DDD青霉素1DDD头孢他啶1DDD+ + = 3DDD庆大霉素24万单位Defined Daily DosesDDDThis pape
36、r mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B
37、20 temperature sensor.225. 抗菌药物费用占药费总额的百分率抗菌药物费用占药费总额的百分率释义释义（二）抗菌药物用药指标（二）抗菌药物用药指标 (indicators of antimicrobial drug use)l 目的：测算抗菌药物费用在总药费中的相对数值l 统计：将已使用的抗菌药物总金额除以已使用药品总金额乘 100。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temper
38、ature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.236. 抗菌药物特殊品种使用量占抗菌药物使用量百分率抗菌药物特殊品种使用量占抗菌药物使用量百分率释义释义（二）抗菌药物用药指标（二）抗菌药物用药指标 (indicators of
39、antimicrobial drug use)l 目的：测量特殊使用类抗菌药物在抗菌药物使用总量中的相对数值l 统计：将特殊使用类抗菌药物使用量（累计 DDD数）除以抗菌药物使用总量（累计 DDD数）乘 100。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature se
40、nsor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.247. 住院用抗菌药物患者病原学检查百分率住院用抗菌药物患者病原学检查百分率释义释义（二）抗菌药物用药指标（二）抗菌药物用药指标 (indicators of antimicrobial drug use)l 目的：测量提供病原学检查，从而决定最佳治疗方案的能力。l 住院用抗菌药物患者：是指治疗用抗菌药物患者。l 统计：做
41、了病原学检查的住院病例数除以同期使用治疗性抗菌药物的住院病例数乘 100。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of th
42、e system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.（三）外科清洁手术预防用药指标（三）外科清洁手术预防用药指标n 抗菌药物作为某些手术中的预防用药是推荐使用的。但是在医疗实践中，手术预防用药经常无适应证而用药，这种不必要的预防用药增加了患者暴露于抗菌药物的机会，也提高了发生ADR的可能性和促成微生物耐药性的产生。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes
43、the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.261. 清洁手术预防用抗菌药物百分率清洁手术预防用抗菌药物百分率释义释义（三）外科清洁手术预防用药指标（三）外科清洁手术预防用药指标 (
44、antimicrobial drug use indicator of perioperative clean incision)l 目的：测算清洁手术病例预防用药的水平 l 清洁手术预防用抗菌药物例数：只指用于预防用药的清洁手术 病例l 同期清洁手术总例数：是按清洁手术例数统计This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using
45、 single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.272.清洁手术预防用抗菌药物人均用药天数清洁手术预防用抗菌药物人均用药天数释义释义（三）外科清洁手术预防用药指标（三）外科清洁手术预防用药指标 (antimicrobial drug use indicator of perioperative clean
46、 incision)l 目的：测算清洁手术病例预防用药的程度 l 清洁手术预防用抗菌药物总天数：只指用于预防用药的清洁手术病例用抗菌药物总天数。l 同期清洁手术用抗菌药物总例数：是按清洁手术用抗菌药物例数统计。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sen
47、sor DS18B20 and single chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.283. 接受清洁手术者，术前接受清洁手术者，术前 0.5-2.0小时内给药百分率小时内给药百分率释义释义（三）外科清洁手术预防用药指标（三）外科清洁手术预防用药指标 (antimicrobial drug use indicator of perioperative clean incision)l 目的：考查清洁手术术前首
48、次预防用抗菌药物的合理率l 因为根据抗菌药物临床应用指南及相关管理规定，一般清洁手术在切皮前 0.5 2.0小时内预防切口感染给药，是合理的。l 此项均按病例数统计。This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B20 and single
49、 chip microcomputer. The core components of the system are AT89C51 microcontroller and DS18B20 temperature sensor.细 菌耐 药 率 相 应 的措施超 过 30% 及 时 将 预 警信息通 报 医 务 人 员超 过 40% 慎重 经验 用 药超 过 50% 参照 药 敏 试验结 果 选 用超 过 75% 暂 停 临 床 应 用，追踪 细 菌耐 药监测结 果，再决定是否恢复 临 床 应 用（四）建立抗菌药物临床应用和细菌耐药监测体系This paper mainly introduces the design of an intelligent temperature control system which realizes the function of temperature measurement and control by using single bus digital temperature sensor DS18B2
