1、Chapter 9 Intelligence,Introduction to Psychology Peking University,2018/10/28,2,什么是聪明？,2018/10/28,3,Intelligence,The application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983),2018/10/28,4,Outlines,The nature
2、of intelligence Intelligence testing Approaches to intelligence Heredity and intelligence The extremes of intelligence Some concluding thoughts,2018/10/28,5,1 The Nature of Intelligence,The multifaceted nature of intelligence The functional nature of intelligence Culturally defined Definition of int
3、elligence,1.1 The multifaceted nature of intelligence,2018/10/28,7,1.2 Functional Nature of Intelligence,The capacity for goal-directed adaptive behavior. (Sternberg & Salter, 1982),2018/10/28,8,1.3 Cultureally Defined,Cultures guide their members in efficient ways of solving everyday problems, and
4、these strategies become part of the way individuals think. ( Vygotsky, 1978),2018/10/28,9,1.4 Definition of Intelligence,The application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems, and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (Gardner, 1983),2018/10/28,10,Intelligence
5、,Viewpoint of layperson Related concepts Skill Knowledge Aptitude Intelligence Mental ability,2018/10/28,11,2 Intelligence Testing,Psychometric instruments Intelligence tests Sir Francis Galton(1822-1911) Upper classes were the most intelligent Simple perceptual, sensory, and motor abilities 10,000(
6、1884) Father of mental test/pioneering statistician,2018/10/28,12,2.1 Binet Scale,Alfred Binet (1857-1911) (1905) for education commission Binet & Simon (1908) Abilities increase with age Mental Age, MA-Chronological age,CA The average age at which children achieve a particular score. Item Selection
7、,2018/10/28,13,2.2 Intelligence Testing in USA,Lewis Terman Stanford-Binet scale (1916) IQ, Intelligence Quotient=(MA/CA)*100 Difference from Binet (MA, IQ, norm) Group Tests Army Alpha & Army Beta Test Scholastic Aptitude Test(SAT) The Wechsler Intelligence Scales,2018/10/28,14,The Wechsler Intelli
8、gence Scales,David Wechsler Minimizing the linguistic and cultural biases Wechsler-Bellevue tests (1939) WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (1939, 1955, 1981) WISC-R, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (1958, 1974, 1991),2018/10/28,15,The Structure of WAIS-R,Verbal subte
9、sts Information Comprehension Arithmetic Similarities Digit span Vocabulary,Performance subtests Digit symbol Picture completion Block design Picture arrangement Object assembly,2018/10/28,16,2.3 Frequency Distribution of IQ Scores,Wechsler (1958) New concept of IQcalculating IQ as an individual pos
10、ition relative to peers of the same age on a frequency distribution An normal, bell-shaped curve,2018/10/28,17,2.4 Limitations of IQ Tests,Predictive validity of IQ scores Two limitations,2018/10/28,18,2.4.1 Predictive validity of IQ scores,学校阶段 IQ与成绩相关小学 0.6-0.7中学 0.5-0.6大学 0.4-0.5研究生 0.3-0.4 Why?,
11、2018/10/28,19,How teachers view brightness as IQ?,Bias in age Bias in sex Bias in social behavior manner,2018/10/28,20,2.4.2 Two Limitations,Lack of a theoretical basis Academic performance/practical intelligence Culturally biased 15-point difference in white/African Williams, Robert L. IQ is strong
12、ly correlated with socioeconomic status Group difference: gender,2018/10/28,21,语言文化差异,Cello Harp Drum Violin Guitar Running a game What is up?,2018/10/28,22,Assignment 1,中小学教育中是否要引用智商测验？为什么？,2018/10/28,23,3 Approaches to Intelligence,The Psychometric Approach The Information-Processing Approach A Th
13、eory of Multiple Intelligences,2018/10/28,24,3.1 The Psychometric Approach,Psychometric Approach Factor Analysis: common elements Spearman Two-Factor Theory Charles Spearman (1863-1945) g-factor, General Intelligence s-factors,2018/10/28,25,Other Factor Theories,LL Thurstone(1938, 1962): 7 primary f
14、actors word fluency comprehension numerical computation spatial skills associative memory reasoning perceptual speed R. Cattell(1963): Crystallized/Fluid Intelligence Wechsler WAIS-R J. Guilford (1961): content, product, operation,2018/10/28,26,Limitations of the Psychometric Approach,Describing rat
15、her than explaining Facts but no theory; Lack of Process Proliferation in factors Uncertainty in determining factors and their pattern,2018/10/28,27,3.2 The Information-Processing Approach,Speed of Processing Posner et al(1969) Knowledge Base Ability to Acquire and Apply Cognitive Strategies,Speed o
16、f Processing,Judge Identity: A A,Perceive form of letter,Analyze perceived forms,Compare forms,R: identical,Judge Identity: A a,Perceive form of letter,Analyze perceived forms,Look up names of letter,Compare letter names,R: identical,2018/10/28,29,Knowledge Base,Information in LTM Quantity, Method o
17、f organization, Availability-Intelligence Performance Experience & Schema,2018/10/28,30,Acquire and Apply Cognitive Strategies,Daily Task Difference between adults and children Retard children are more difficult in acquiring and applying cognitive strategies,2018/10/28,31,Limitation of I-P Approach,
18、Theory to Theory Limited in academic situation Being difficult to describing the process of real problem-solving.,2018/10/28,32,3.3 A Theory of Multiple Intelligences,Howard Gardner(1983) Selecting Intelligences Limitations of the Theory of M-I.,2018/10/28,33,Selecting Intelligences,Gardner(1983) On
19、e can never develop a single irrefutable and universally acceptable list of human intelligence Criterion Multiple neural modules Savant and prodigy studies Distinctive developmental course,2018/10/28,34,Gardner Seven Intelligences,Logical/Mathematical Linguistic or Verbal Musical Bodily/Kinesthetic
20、Spatial Intrapersonal Interpersonal,2018/10/28,35,Limitations of Gardner Theory,Underestimate the possibility of some kinds of general intelligence Lack empirical measures of such intelligences as intrapersonal and musical The potential proliferation of intelligences,2018/10/28,36,R. Sternberg (1985
21、): Triarchic Theory,Componential intelligence knowledge acquisition component performance component metacognitive component Experiential intelligence 处理新奇或者很常规的问题的能力 Contextual intelligence 日常事务、适应新的不同情境的现实管理能力,2018/10/28,37,Scrambled Words,H-U-L-A-G P-T-T-M-E T-R-H-O-S C-I-B-A-S T-N-K-H-G-I R-I-D-E
22、-V T-E-N-R-E,2018/10/28,38,Emotional Intelligence,P. Salovery & JD Mayer(1990, 1993) IQ less important than parent SES( SES, income) Social ability is important in life. Apply emotional experience to motivation D. Goleman(1995) P. Salovery & JD Mayer(1997) 准确、适当地认知、评价和表达情绪 调整自己的情绪 利用情绪促进思维 Mayer(199
23、8) Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale,2018/10/28,39,4 Heredity and Intelligence,个体差异研究 种族/家族群体研究纵向研究,2018/10/28,40,4.1 Individual Differences in IQ,Genetic and environmental variables Longtitudinal study Twin, family, and adoption studies: Distinguish the impact of nature and nurture Siblings,
24、 dizygotic twins, and parent-offspring pairs=.50 Monozygotic twins=1.00 (genetically identical),2018/10/28,41,Some Results,领养儿的智商与生身父母的关系更大 领养一段时间之后，被领养儿的智力能显著提高（20） 越早领养，环境的影响就越大。 环境因素：父母社会经济地位、学校等,2018/10/28,42,4.2 Group Differences: race,Arthur Jensen Hypothesis(1973) Between one-half and three-f
25、ourths of the average IQ difference between American Negroes and whites is attributable to genetic factors. Minnesota Adoption Study Scarr & Weinberg(1976), Weinberg et al(1992) Racial Ancestry Study Scarr et al(1977): No relation,2018/10/28,43,4.3 Commentary: the science & politics of Intelligence,
26、Emotional Issue Milwaukee Project Herrnstein & Murray(1994): The Bell Curve Meritocracy能人统治 Waste of resources 50 leading professors drafted a document on intelligence 客观测量、预测性最好、种族内得分分布广、环境,2018/10/28,44,遗传力,HVg/Vt=(Vt-Ve)/VtVt: DZ difference in IQ Ve: MZ difference in IQ 0.4-0.8,2018/10/28,45,5 Th
27、e Extremes of Intelligence,Mental retardation Causes of mental retardation Treating mental retardation Giftedness Are gifted people maladjusted? Personality, marriage, professional success Creativity and Intelligence No relationship Creativity & Bipolar disorder(manic-depression),2018/10/28,46,6 Some Concluding Thoughts,Social Intelligence The ability to store, retrieve, and understand social information. Intelligence is always embedded in a psychological context that includes motivation and emotion.=Goals EQ, Emotional Quotient,
