1、Unit 2: Section A,Iron and the Effects of Exercise,Intensive Study,Iron and the Effects of Exercise1 Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies. Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests t
2、hat even moderate exercises may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women. 2 “We found that women who were normally inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss,” says Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. Her study of 62 formerly inactive women w
3、ho began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.,Intensive Study,3 “Women who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back,” she notes. “But the new exercisers who followed their normal diet show
4、ed a decrease in iron levels.” 4 Iron deficiency is very common among women in general, affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45, respectively. But the ratio is even greater among active women, affecting up to 80 percent of female endurance athletes. This means, Lyl
5、e says, that “too many women ignore the amount of iron they take in”. Women of child-bearing age are at greatest risk, since their monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss. Plus, many health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed for
6、m of iron. And because women often restrict their diet in an effort to control weight, they may not consume enough iron-rich food, and are liable to experience a deficiency.,Intensive Study,5 “The average woman takes in only two thirds of the recommended daily allowance for iron,” notes another expe
7、rt. “For a woman who already has a poor iron status, any additional iron loss from exercise may be enough to tip her over the edge into a more serious deficiency,” notes the expert. 6 Exercises can result in iron loss through a variety of mechanisms. Some iron is lost in sweat, and, for unknown reas
8、ons, intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with bleeding of the digestive system. Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where small blood vessels in the feet leak blood.,Intensive Study,7 There are three stages of iron deficiency. The fir
9、st and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typically has no symptoms. Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear in the second stage of deficiency, when not enough iron is present to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. In the
10、third and final stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath and exercise performance is severely compromised. 8 “People think that if theyre not at the third stage, nothing is wrong, but thats not true,” says John L. Beard, who helped design the Purdue study. “Youre not stage 3 until you
11、r iron reserves go to zero, and if you wait until that point, youre in trouble.”,Intensive Study,9 However, most people with low iron reserves dont know they have a deficiency, because traditional methods of calculating the amount of iron in blood (by checking levels of the blood protein that transp
12、orts oxygen) are not sufficient, Beard states. Instead, its important to check levels of a different compound, which indicates the amount of storage of iron in the blood. While active, child-bearing age women are most likely to have low iron stores, he notes, “Men are not safe, especially if they do
13、nt eat meat and have a high level of physical activity.” (An estimated 15 percent of male long distance runners have low iron stores.) Beard and other experts say its advisable for people in these groups to have a yearly blood test to check blood iron reserves.,Intensive Study,10 If iron levels are
14、low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements. In general, its better to undo the problem by adding more iron-rich foods to the diet, because iron supplements can have serious shortcomings. Supplements may produce a feeling of
15、 wanting to throw up, and may be poisonous in some cases. The best sources of iron, and the only source of the form of iron most readily absorbed by the body, are meat, chicken, and fish. Good sources of other forms of iron include dates, beans, and some leafy green vegetables.,Intensive Study,11 “S
16、elect breads and cereals with the words iron-added on the label,” writes sports diet expert Nancy Clark. “This is added iron supplements the small amount that naturally occurs in grains. Eat these foods with plentiful Vitamin C (for example, drink orange juice with cereal or put a tomato on a sandwi
17、ch) to enhance the amount of iron absorbed.” Clark also recommends cooking in iron pans, as food can derive iron from the pan during the cooking process. “The iron content of tomato sauce cooked in an iron pot for three hours showed a striking increase, the level going up nearly 30 times,” she write
18、s. And people who are likely to have low iron should avoid drinking coffee or tea with meals, she says, since substances in these drinks can interfere with iron being absorbed into the body.,Intensive Study,12 “Active women need to be al lot more careful about their food choices,” sums up Purdues Ly
19、le. “If you pay attention to warning signs before iron reserves are gone, you can remedy the deficiency before it really becomes a problem.”,endurance the ability to continue with an unpleasant or difficult situation for a long period of timee.g. Long distance races are won by the runners with the g
20、reatest endurance. - beyond/past endurance,普渡大学（Purdue University）是一所历史悠久的研究性公立大学，有政府特准的土地、海洋和空间使用权，历来以优良的教学质量和适中的收费标准闻名世界。该校于1869年由约翰普渡捐资、印第安纳州划拨土地建造，现有6个校区、2261名教师和67548名学生。2002年美国新闻与世界报道(US News & World Report)全美大学排行榜上，普渡大学在公立大学中名列第21位。普渡大学有“旅游界的哈佛“和“美国航空航天之母“的美誉。普渡大学的校章采用狮身鹫首图像。在欧洲中世纪图章学中，这是代表力量
21、的神。 校章中还有三张盾牌，以前寓意科学、技术和农业，现在则代表教育、研究和服务。,evidence sth such as a fact, sign, or object that gives proof or reason to believe or agree with sth e.g. To date, there is no evidence to support this theory. When the police arrived he had already destroyed the evidence that showed he was guilty.,Medicine
22、& Science in Sports & ExerciseIt is a multidisciplinary journal featuring original investigations, clinical studies, and comprehensive reviews on current topics in sports medicine and exercise science. With this multidisciplinary journal, exercise physiologists, physiatrists, physical therapists, te
23、am physicians and athletic trainers get a vital exchange of information from basic and applied science, medicine, education and allied health fields.,consume1. Eat or drink He would consume nearly two pounds of milk per day. They are serving chocolate ice-cream for the children to consume in the kit
24、chen. 2. Use; use up Some of the new air conditioners consume 70 percent less electricity than the old models.,supplement A pill or special kind of food that one eats in order to improve ones health or diet - a multiple vitamin and mineral supplement 2. An additional written part, at the end of a bo
25、ok or as a separate part of a newspaper, magazine,etc. - a special supplement to a monthly financial magazine 3. Make additions to They are doing extra jobs outside their regular ones to supplement their incomes. I suggest supplementing your diet with vitamins A and E.,respectively each separately i
26、n the order mentioned She gave a glass of beer to the man and a glass of orange juice to the boy respectively. Their sons, Ben and John, were three and five respectively.,up to as far as; to and including Up to ten men can sleep in this tent. Everyone works, from the boy who sweeps the floor up to t
27、he President. Compare: Everyone works, from the President down to the boy who sweeps the floor.,restrict keep within limits; keep to a certain limitAs the campus is small, there is a need to restrict the number of students. The first step to giving up smoking is to restrict oneself to two or three c
28、igarettes a day.,liable1. Likely, esp. from habit or tendency He is liable to shout when angry. He is not the man who is liable to harm himself. 2. Often suffering (from) She will not grow into a woman particularly liable to depression. The boy is liable to bad colds.,tip over the edge bring about a
29、 noticeable change; cause to develop into another status Because of not being able to cope with everyday life they were tipped over the edge into breakdown.,typically 1. On usual occasions; in usual conditions Typically, he would come late and then say he was sorry. It typically takes a day or two,
30、depending on size. 2. Representing a particular type He greeted me with typically American hospitality.,compromise risk harming or losing sth importantWe will never compromise the safety of our workers.,indicate show; suggestA survey of retired people has indicated that most are independent and enjo
31、ying life. The vote today indicates a change in the foreign policy of the USA.,advisable that is advised or thought best to do; sensible; wiseBecause of the popularity of the region, it is advisable to book hotels in advance, It is advisable that you leave now.,modifyChange sth slightly, esp. to imp
32、rove it These plans must be modified if they are to be used successfully. The training program has been modified to the benefits of the students. 2. Describe or limit the meaning of a word Adjectives modify nouns. Which part does the word modify?,undo1. Remove the effects of She knew it would be dif
33、ficult to undo the damage that had been done. 2. Unfasten; untie He undid the parcel. I undid two buttons of my white shirt.,derive from1. Obtain from He is one of those people who can derive pleasure from helping others. He derives a lot of pleasure from books. 2. Come from The word “derive” derive
34、s from Latin. These are defensive behavior patterns which derive from our subconscious fears.,interfere1. interfere with get in the way of; prevent from Nothing must be allowed to interfere with our plans. The noise interferes with my work. 2 in meddle in; concern oneself with Dont interfere in matt
35、ers that dont concern you. I never interferes in his affairs.,sum up 1. Give the main idea of; give a short account of You have only 100 words in which to sum up his speech. I can best sum up the advantages of the system by describing some recent encouraging results. 2. Make a total of an amount You
36、r marks sum up to 87. These ten books sum up this years production.,remedy 1. put or make right (anything bad or wrong) A great deal has been done to remedy the situation in the Middle East. 2. A way of curing or setting right There are many different kinds of natural remedies to help overcome iron deficiency. The law provides no remedy for this injustice.,
