1、大学英语二讲义:Unit 3 喻晓元,Unit 3 Teaching Tips I ： Words to Master,1 euthanasia n. 无痛楚的死亡；安乐死 2 weaken vt./vi. 削弱，减弱 3 Dutchman n. 荷兰人 4 deteriorate vt./vi. （使）恶化 5 lethal a. 致死的 6 injection n. 注射；注射剂 7 nationwide a./ad. 全国性的；在全国范围内 8 debate vt./vi./n 争论，辩论 9 legal a. 法律上的；合法的 10 Dutch a./n. 荷兰人的；荷兰语 11 pa
2、rliament n. 议会，国会 12 prosecute vt. 对 起诉 13 request n. 请求，要求 14 criterion n.标准，准则 15 crowd n./vi.群，人群 16 ensure vt. 保证，担保 17 healthcare n.保健 18 oppose vt. 反对，反抗 19 tradition n. 传统，惯例 20 hospice n. （晚期病人）收容所 21 council n. 理事会，委员会 22 founder n. 创造者；缔造者 23 consideration n. 考虑，体谅 24 elderly a./n. 较老的，人过中
3、年的 25 disabled a. 伤残的； 26 burden n./vt. 担子，负担；责任，义务 27 opt vi. 抉择，选择 28 shorten vt./vi. 缩短，缩小 29 vulnerable a. 易受伤的，弱小的 30 prohibition n. 禁止；禁令 31 individual n./a. 个人，个体；个人的，个别的 32 paternalistic a. 家长式的统治的 33 moving a. 活动的，移动的 34 sensitive a. 敏感的，灵敏的,短语,1 to be affected with 患有疾病 2 to debate on 关于 进
4、行辩论 3 to make request for 要求 4 be opposed to 反对 5 to open up 打开，开办，开辟，坦诚地或无拘束地谈话 6 to take into account 考虑到 7 need for 对 的需要 8 to opt out （of） 决定不参加 , 决定从 退出 9 to have at heart 对某事十分关心,III : Sentence Patterns(常考句型）,1. Affected with a serious disease, van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly an
5、d he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating范万德尔重病在身，再也不能说清楚话，他知道他没有康复的希望，身体状 况正在急剧恶化。P2 2. Van Wendels last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherla
6、nds.在让自己的医生注射最后结束生命的那一针之前，范万德尔生命中的最后三个月被拍摄了下来，去年在荷兰电视上首次播出。P33、 The program has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.从那时开始，已有20多个国家买下了这个节目，每次播放都引起了对这一话题的全国性大辩论。P34. What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dyi
7、ng people havent the right.那些反对安乐死的人实际在告诉我，临终者没有这个权利。P9,Text A Euthanasia : For and Against For and against=For or against Pro and(or) Con 赞成,课文简介 安乐死是否合法？对于这个问题，不同的国家有不同的观点。在欧洲，荷兰和比利时两个国家已经给予其合法化。 本文主要通过荷兰人齐思ooo范o万德尔o德o尤德要求医生对他执行安乐死的事例，对有关安乐死的种种问题进行了讨论：医生是否有权剥夺别人的生命？执行安乐死对身患绝症的人来说是一种解脱还是谋杀？对此存在着截然不
8、同的两种观点。,1. weaken: v 削弱、减弱，字根：weak: a 虚弱的 构词形式：adj/n + en或en + adj/n = v Shorten, enlarge, enable, enrich, loosen, tighten etc. 2. nationwide: a 全国范围的，worldwide:全世界范围的， region wide, etc. 3.legal: a 合法的，反义词：illegal,不合法的；legalize: v 使合法化。 The Netherlands became the first country to legalize euthanasia
9、.,4. ensure: v 确保、担保，常见用法如下： 1). The police can ensure the witness from danger. 2). We can ensure that the work will be done in the right way. 5. oppose: v 反对、对抗；名词：opposition , 形容词：opposed 1). What he said was totally opposed to the facts. 2). Many people oppose building a new highway because of th
10、e great cost.,6. tradition: n 传统， traditional: a; traditionally: ad; 反义词为：modern 1). _ Chinese medicine is believed to be effective for many diseases. 2). Its important to keep up the fine _ of plain living and hard work. 3). Christmas is _ a holiday for a family to get together. Answers: Traditiona
11、l, tradition, traditionally,7. consideration: n 考虑、体谅、照顾 Consider: v 考虑；considerate: a 体谅的，be considerate of; considerable: a 相当多的。consideration n 考虑，体贴，周到considered adj 深思熟虑的considering prep 鉴于.考虑到. 请练习一下： 1). Losing 30 pounds changed her appearance _. 2). It is very _ of you to send me a birthday
12、card. 3). The matter is receiving the serious _ of the manager. 4). He left behind him a _ amount of debt. Answers: considerably, considerate, consideration, considerable,8. disabled: a 残疾的，伤残的 able: a 有能力的；be able to do sth; unable: a 没有能力的；enable: v 使人能够enable sb to do sth;ability: n 能力籨enable: v
13、使人残疾 1). As long as they are physically _, they tend to live on their own. 2). The _ to be clearly heard is extremely important for any speaker. 3). Id like to go to the cinema, but Im _ to. 4). Education should _ every student to develop morally, intellectually and physically. 5). A car accident _
14、him from playing football. 6). Special care should be given to the _. Answers: able, ability, unable, enable, disabled (v), disabled (a),9. prohibition: n 禁止、禁令，prohibit: v prohibit sb from doing sth; 10. sensitive: a 敏感的， be sensitive to sb/sth; 同根词：sensible: a 明智的，be sensible of sth sensibility n
15、敏感性sensor 感应器sensory adj 感觉的，感知的，传感的 1). I am sensitive to your criticism. 2). Its sensible of you to make such a decision.,课文难句分析,1. Affected with a serious disease, Van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriora
16、ting. (p2) 译：因患有严重的疾病，Van Wendel再也不能清楚地讲话了，他知道他已经没有康复的可能，其病情正在迅速恶化。 句子分析：Affected with a serious disease是过去分词短语做原因状语，可以改写成原因状语从句：because he was affected with a serious disease, .另外，there was no hope of recovery和that his condition was rapidly deteriorating都是动词knew的宾语。词组：be affected with sth患有疾病。如： Al
17、l the cows in the farm are affected with mad-cow disease. hope of recovery:康复的希望。,2. Van Wendels last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and showed on TV last year in the Netherlands. (p3) 译：Van Wendel在他的医生给她进行最后结束生命的那一阵之前的后三个月的生活被拍成了电影并于去年在荷兰
18、的电视上首次播映。 句子分析：该句的主语较长，were之前均是。其中，核心名词Van Wendels last three months of life，后面的before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor是动名词的被动语态做定语。film这里当动词用，拍电影。,3. The program has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. (p3) 译：
19、这个节目此后被二十个国家所购买。每次放映，都引起一场关于这个主题的全国性的大讨论。 句子分析：这是一个常考句子。考点一：since: adv 从那以后；考点二：each time是名词作时间状语，前面不用介词；考点三：debate on sth关于的讨论。,4. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. (p4) 译：然而，在荷兰议会两年前提出的议案的指
20、导原则下执行安乐死的医生，通常是不会被起诉的。 句子分析：该句核心内容有三点：carry out 实施，执行；underguidelines在原则下，under是按照，根据的意思；introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago是过去分词短语做定语，修饰guidelines。,5. Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? (p5) 译：医生应该被允许去结束他人的性命吗？ 句子分析：该句中主要核心内容是：情态动词的被动语态。情态动词+be+动词过去分词。如：In hot days
21、, flowers must be watered every day.,6. Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesnt take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. (p8) 译：C.S是国家收容所委员会的主席和收容运动的发起人，认为安乐死并没有考虑到照顾临终病人有多种方式。 句子分析：主
22、语Cicely Saunders，President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement是主语的同位语，谓语后面是一个宾语从句，而其中又包括一个小的宾语从句。重要词组：take sth into account = take sth into consideration将考虑在内。如：when judging his performance, dont take his age into account. 另一个词组：care for关心某人。,7. Its very easy
23、 in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out. (p8) 译：这很容易使老人们，残疾人和依靠别人生存的人感觉到他们是负担，因此应该选择离开人世。 句子分析：该句it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式，to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out。另外还请注意：the elde
24、rly, the disabled and the dependent是属于：the + adj 所构成的固定表达方式，相当于elderly people, disabled people and dependent people,是复数概念，因此若作主语句子的谓语动词应用复数形式。如： In our country, the old are taken good care of by the young. 词组：opt out选择放弃。如：I think Ill opt out the game.,8. What those people who oppose euthanasia are
25、telling me is that dying people havent the right. (p9) 译：那些反对安乐死的人是在告诉我们将死的人们没有这种权利。 句子分析：乍一看，这是一个简单句子，但若仔细分析，你会发现，这是一环套一环的结构。句子主体结构应是：What those people are telling me is that dying people havent the right. 主语是一个主语从句，What those people are telling me； 表语是一个表语从句：that dying people havent the right.另外，w
26、ho oppose euthanasia是定语，修饰those people; 请注意下列几个词的用法：oppose: v 反对； dying people即将死去的人们；have the right to do sth有权力去做某事。,9. But there are situations where death is a friend. (p9) 译：但是在一种情况下死亡是朋友。 句子分析：该句唯一的考点为：where; 此时它引导定语从句，相当于in which. 关于定语从句的关系词选择的问题，主要取决于先行词在从句中所作成分，请对比： 1). The house which he b
27、ought last year is very big. 2). The house where he was born is very old now. 3). The house whose windows face south is very big.,10. The film showing Cees Van Wendels death was both moving and sensitive; his wife had only her husbands interests at heart. (p10) 译：显示CVW之死的电影既感人又敏感，他妻子的心里只有丈夫的利益。 句子分析
28、：这是一句曾出现于国考中的句子。考点：showing Cees Van Wendels death。 是现在分词短语做定语，修饰the film; 词组：have sth at heart:对十分关心，将放在心上。 He is selfish, and he has nothing but his own interest at heart,A 课文单词课文朗读,TextB 重点词汇：,1. appoint : 任命，委任 appointment Hes just been appointed as director of the publishing division. 他刚被任命为出版社的
29、主任。 2. accessible : adj. 易接近的，能进去的， The problem with some of these drugs is that they are so very accessible . 毒品的问题在于毒品太易得到了。 She has made some attempt to make opera accessible to a wider public. 她曾尝试着让歌剧走进更广大的大众。 派生词：access n. 通路，入口，接近（或进入）的机会,3. to amount to : 达到，总计；相当于 The cost amounts to $3,000
30、 . 费用总计3000 美元。 Her words amount to a refusal. 她的话无异于拒绝。 4. to blame sb. for : 为 责备某人 Public opinion blames Mrs. Smith for leading the girl astray . 舆论责怪史密斯夫人把那位姑娘引入歧途。 You cant really blame Helen for not wanting to get involved . 海伦不想被卷入其中，你确实不能为此责备她。 5. by nature : 生来，天生， He is an optimist by natu
31、re . 他生来一个乐天派。 He was , by nature , a man of few words. 他是天生沉默寡言的人。 a few+可数名词 a little + 不可数名词,Text B 重点句子： Advantage Unfair,1. Britain is still dominated by the old- boy network； it isnt what you know that matters， but who you know.强调句，不是你懂得知识重要，而是你认识谁重要 2. He claims that at Oxford and Cambridge U
32、niversities （Oxbridge for short） a few select people start on an escalator ride which， over the years， carries them to the tops of British privilege and power. 比喻少数精选出来的人，进了牛津或剑桥，就像坐上了电梯一样，很快就会爬上英国权力的顶峰。 3. On average， about 5，000 a year is spent on each private school pupil， more than twice the amo
33、unt spent on state school pupils.On average = On the average 平均每个在私立学校读书的学生平均每年要花费约5000英镑，是每个国立学校学生花费的两倍多。,4. And how can they prepare their pupils for the special entrance exam to Oxford University， which requires extra preparation， and for which many public school pupils traditionally stay at scho
34、ol and do an additional term？which 和for which都是引导定语从句修饰exam 5. When it comes to Oxford and Cambridge being elitist because of the number of private school pupils they accept， professor Stone of Oxford University argues that there is a simple fact he and his associates cannot ignore：When it comes to
35、“当谈及，涉及时”例如：When it comes to our children taking the exam， I almost know nothing.当谈到孩子们的考试，我一无所知。,6. And it may be worth remembering that while John Major didnt himself go to Oxbridge， most of his ministers did.be worth + 动名词 用主动式表示被动含义例如：This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读The film is worth seeing. 此
36、电影值得一看。cf. worthy of + n or worthy to be donee.g. 这个问题值得讨论The problem is worthy of discussionThe problem is worthy to be discussed.cf. worthwhile adj 一般作表语或者宾补，其主语可以是不定式，it, 或者v-inge.g It is worthwhile to discuss the problemI think it worthwhile to discuss the problem.,B 课文单词课文朗读,Grammar 主谓一致,主谓一致是指
37、句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上须保持 一致。我们一般遵从三个原则： 1、 语法一致的原则：是指主语为单数或复数时，其谓语动词要与其相呼应。 2、 意义一致的原则：指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面的语法标志，主要表现为某些集体名词后可跟动词单数或复数。如果这些集体名词指整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；指具体成员时 用复数。 3、 就近原则：是指谓语动词单复数取决于离它最近的词语，而无须考虑其他的词。,主谓一致的热点,1由 many a 或 more than + 单数名词作主语时，其谓语用单数形式。 Many a foreigner has been to the Great
38、Wall. More than one student has visited the exhibition. 2“的几分之几”和“的百分之几” 作主语时，其谓语用单数或复数取决于 of 后的名词。 Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea. 40 percent of the students in our class are girls. 3“a number of + 名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数；“ the number of + 名词复数”作主语，谓语用单数。 A number of pupils like reading pi
39、cture-books. The number of the students in our class is 55. 4并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时 and 后面的名词前没有冠词。 The secretary of the Party branch and director of that factory often works with the workers.,5成对的名词，如bread and butter涂黄油的面包，soda and water汽水，coffee and milk加牛奶的咖啡，aim and end目的，salt and wate
40、r盐开水等，虽然有and连接，但仍表单一概念，作主语时，谓语用单数。 A knife and fork is on the table. 6由 and 连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有each, every或no修饰时，其谓语用单数形式。 No student and no teacher is invited to the party. In our country every boy and every girl has right to receive education.,7主语是单数，其后跟有together with, along with (与一道)，as well as (和；也
41、)，no less than (和一样)，rather than (而不)，以及with, not, like, but, except, besides, including 等引起的短语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。 He as well as his sister is a League member. 8在定语从句中主语是关系代词who, that, which,谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。 I, who am your teacher, will teach you everything I know. 9主语是一些只有复数形式的名词，如clothes, trousers, gla
42、sses, compasses, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves等时，谓语用复数。但这类表示成双的东西的名词前有a pair of修饰时，谓语用单数。 My trousers are being washed now. There is a pair of shoes in the box.,10表示度量、价格、时间的复数名词词组作主语时一般被看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。 Ten dollars is not enough. Three months has passed since he left. 11主语是以-ics 结尾的学科名词以及news, work
43、s (工厂)等都属形式复数，而意义单数的名词，其谓语用单数形式。另外means一词单复数同形应视具体情况而定。 Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn. A new means of teaching is being used in that school. 12主语是用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数名词，谓语一般用单数形式。 The United States is a developed country.,13主语是family, team, group, crowd, class, committee等集合名词时，如果作为一个整体看待，
44、谓语用单数形式，如指的是全体人员时，谓语用复数。 His family are all music lovers. 14“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”之前有the only, the very, the等限定词和修饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。 She is the only one of these women who plays the violin. 15主语是疑问代词who, what, which,不定代词all, more, most, any, none等以及名词half, part, the rest等既可表示复数意义又可表示单数意义，其谓语视情况而定。
45、Half of the visitors are from Europe. Half of the fruit is bad. 16主语是表示数量的“one and a half +复数名词”，其谓语用单数形式。主语是“one or two + 复数名词”，其谓语用复数形式。 One and a half bananas is left on the table. There are one or two things Id like to know about.,17the +形容词或分词作主语时，如指一类人。其谓语用复数，如指抽象概念，其谓语用单数。如： The rich are not
46、always happy. The new is sure to replace the old. 18由not only but also, neithernor, eitheror, not but以 及or连接的并列主语，谓语动词要与最靠近它的主语在数上保持一致。(就近原则） Not only your fathers friends but also your father likes smoking. 19在倒装句中以及在There be 结构中，如主语是并列的，谓语动词往往和其后面的第一个主语取得数上的一致。 Where is your mother and younger sis
47、ter? There is a pen , two pencils and five books on the desk. 20动名词或动词不定式作主语，其谓语用单数形式。 When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.,课后补充练习,1.词汇英译汉 weaken . deteriorate .debate . legal. request . criterion . ensure . oppose tradition consideration disabled . burden vulnerable prohibiti
48、on sensitive词组：。 to debate on . to make request for be opposed to . to take into account,2.句子英译汉（重点句） 1. Affected with a serious disease， van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. 2.Van Wendels last thre
49、e months of life before being given a final， lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. 3.The program has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown， it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. 4.What those people who opp
50、ose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people havent the right. 5.The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering ， that there is no chance of a cure， and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia . 6.I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.,
