1、大学英语四级汉译英技巧,翻译改革,原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字;六级长度为180-200个汉字。,2013年英语四级改革之后翻译样题,剪纸（paper cutting)是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一 。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化家居环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。,Pa
2、per cutting is one of Chinas most popular traditional folk arts. Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years . It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties . People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings . During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrati
3、ons ,in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors , windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere . The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity . Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given
4、as a present to foreign friends.,词汇和短语其实只是第一道障碍，例如：“喜庆的气氛“进行大扫除“;更多的障碍在于：遣词造句。“增加喜庆的气氛“，考生基本反应都是increase, 而标准答案是：To enhance the joyous atmosphere.,策略：,必须开始有意识的积累和背诵一些和中国节日、历史事件、经济和社会发展相关的词汇。 大家可以关注以反映中国社会为主的一些英文杂志和报纸，例如中国日报及其网站。这份报纸的大部分内容确实超越了考生的实力，但是一些涉及到日常社会生活的词语，却是大家可以学习的。大家每天看看网站中头条新闻，配合中文新闻的背景，
5、就可以学到很多表达。推荐一个中国日报网站下面的一个小栏目：language tips，有大量简单实用的双语文章。 同时，考生需要购进一些难度不大的翻译书籍，注意中英文的一些切换规则。,一、译文必须符合英语语法 英语以谓语动词为核心，共有三种轴心结构。英语千变万化的句式，都是从这三种轴心句式结构中演变出来的。1、主系表2、主谓宾3、There be 在 “there be” 句型中，动词除 be 之外，还可以由 seem, appear, stand, lie, get, become, arise, come, seem/appear to be 等担任。e.g. In theory ther
6、e seems to be no problem in supplying this amount of water.从理论上讲，供应这么多水似乎不成问题。,随着国民经济和国防事业的发展，对通信提出了新的要求。As our national economy and national defense develop, there arises a new demand for communication.英语句子还有定语修饰(动词不定式、分词短语、定语从句、介词短语等)、壮语修饰(动词不定式，分词短语，壮语从句，介词短语，独立主格成分等)以及时态、语态、语气、语序、强调、插入等变化。首先要确定这
7、些变化，才能正确传达原文意义。,1、确定句型 昨天晚上我看见史密斯先生走进了实验室。(状主谓宾宾补)Yesterday evening I saw Mr. Smith enter the laboratory. 刚买的那台机器似乎出了毛病。(there be)There seems something wrong with the newly-bought machine. 牛奶变酸了。(主系表)The milk turns sour.,2、语态变化Mr. Smith was seen to enter the laboratory yesterday evening.3、语气变化不然，我昨天
8、晚上就会看见史密斯先生走进实验室。Otherwise, I would have seen Mr. Smith enter the laboratory yesterday evening.,4、增加定语、状语、修饰成分昨天晚上我路过教学大楼时，我看见史密斯先生身穿白衣服、头戴白帽子，走进了实验室。Passing by the classroom building yesterday evening, I saw Mr. Smith dressed in white, wearing a white hat, enter the laboratory.,5、句子组合如果句子中出现了两个或以上的
9、“主-谓”结构，要考虑译为并列句、复合句、或独立结构。E.g.昨天晚上我看见了那个据说已经去了国外的史密斯先生进了实验室，但是我的同伴却没看见他走。 Yesterday evening I saw Mr. Smith enter the laboratory, who was said to have gone abroad, but my companion didnt.,二、译文必须符合英语的习惯表达避免“中国式英语”(Chinglish)。我的心和你在一起。X My heart is together with you. I shall be with you in spirit.,你的
10、英语讲得很好。X You speak English is very good. You speak good/excellent English.这件事你不用操心。X This you dont need to worry about. This is not something you need to worry about.,句子主干的确立 1、主语的确立英语的主语由名词、代词或具有名词语法功能的语言单位（动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句）来充当。许多情况下，汉、英主语不能“对等”照译。,真大。一千多平方公里。 在中国的北部。 买东西方便。名胜古迹很多。外来人口逐年增多。 在秋天最美丽。
11、乘车到上海只需要十几个小时。 交通状况不太好。 民风淳朴。,北京,Beijing is really big/in the North of China/at its best in fall. Beijing has an area of over 10 million square kilos. People in Beijing are simple and honest. The population of migrants in Beijing is enlarging each year. Traffic system in Beijing is not reliable. It
12、is convenient to go shopping in Beijing. It takes less than twenty hours by train from Beijing to Shanghai. There are many historical sites in Beijing.,英美人强调事物的客观性，常以物或客观事实作主语，而人则退到次要的位置。 e.g. 我看当然像这么回事。It certainly seems so to me. 我一时想不起他的名字。His name just escaped me. 我激动得说不出话来。 Words failed me here
13、.,主语的确定应遵循的原则：,必须符合句中应突出的信息 必须符合英美人的思维方式 必须符合句中的逻辑关系 必须符合行文连贯的需要 必须添加必要的主语,(1) 必须是句中应该突出的信息 这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大 堤。1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes.人们已把李白的诗集译成许多外国文字。Li Bais poems have been translated into many foreign languages.,3. 美国吸引了大批要圆美国梦的青年。a. America has drawn
14、 a large number of young people who seek to realize their American dream. b. A large number of young people are drawn to America, who seek to realize their American dream.,(2)必须符合英美人的思维视角 我激动得说不出话来。a. I was too excited to utter a word.b. Words failed me.2. 我一时记不起他的名字。a. I forgot his name. b. His nam
15、e escaped me.,(3) 必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯我们的事业从胜利走向胜利。a. Our cause has won victories one after another. b. We have won one victory after another for our cause.2. 一张白纸可以画出最美的图画。 a. A piece of blank paper can draw the mos beautiful pictures. b. We can draw the most beautiful pictures on a piece of blank paper.,
16、(3) 必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯 4. （上海人的传统形象开始起了变化）他们的言语和行动都充满了信心和自豪。a. Their words and actions are filled with confidence and prides b. They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.,(4) 必须符合行文连贯的需要我父亲迷上了绘画，绘画成了他生活的一 切，要 比母亲，孩子甚至他自己更重要。a. My father was obsessed with painting. It was everything to hi
17、m. It came before Mother, his children and even himself. b. For my father, painting was a governing passion. It came before Mother, his children and even himself.,2. 我打听那女孩回国后的情况，人们告诉我她已在悲伤和孤独中去世了。 a. I enquired about what happened to the girl after she returned to China, and people told me that she
18、 had died of grief and loneliness.b. I enquired about what happened to the girl after she returned to China, and was told that she had died of grief and loneliness.,一、原文的形容词性成分取为译文主语,我的头疼得要命。 如果选择“头”作为主语，可照搬原文译成： a) My head aches badly. b) My head is killing me.如果选择原文中起形容词作用的“我”作为主语，也能得出流畅自然的译法： c)
19、I have a terrible headache. d) I have a splitting headache.,2. 中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其它许多国家。 a) Chinas per capita agricultural land cannot compare with that of many other countries in the world.b) In its amount of agricultural land per capita, China compares unfavorably with many other countries in the w
20、orld. c) China compares unfavorably with many other countries in the world in terms of per capita agricultural land,3. 懒惰的人不会成功。a) A lazy person will never succeed. b) Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed.c) Laziness makes success impossible.,二. 原文的名词性成分取为译文的主语1. 一个星期前我遇上了一件最不可思议的事情。a) I
21、had the most incredible experience a week ago.b) I had the most inconceivable encounter a week ago.c) The most unbelievable thing happened to me a week ago.,2. 他突然发现地毯上有个深色的斑点。a) He suddenly saw a dark stain on the carpet.b) A dark stain on the carpet caught his eye. c) A dark stain on the carpet su
22、ddenly attracted his attention.,3. 他两天就抽完一包烟。a) He finishes a pack of cigarettes in two days.b) A pack of cigarettes lasts him only two days.c) It takes him only two days to finish a pack of cigarettes.,三. 原文的副词性成分取为译文主语,1. 因为天气太糟，我们未能成行。a) Because of poor weather, we did not go.b) Bad weather preve
23、nted us from going.c) Bad weather caused us to cancel our trip.在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan a city in central China.,The constant change of the course of the Changjiang,River in history,2. 已经有数千人在持续了一年的战争中丧生。a) Thousands of people have died in
24、the war, which broke out a year ago.b) The war, which has been going on for a year, has claimed thousands of lives.c) The death toll of the war, which broke out a year ago, has amounted to several thousand.,4. 只有在显微镜下才能看见红血球。a) Only under the microscope can we see red cells.b) Red cells can be seen
25、only under the microscope.c) A microscope is needed (for us) to see red cells. 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃The turn of the century finds China most activeon the diplomatic arena,四.原文的动词性成分取为译文主语1. 我见到他就恶心。a) Whenever I see him, I feel sickb) I feel sick at the very sight of him.c) The very sight of him makes me si
26、ck.,2. 昨天他们表演得很成功。 a) They performed very successfully yesterday. b) Their performance yesterday was very successful.昨天他们表演得很成功，引起了媒体的广泛关注 Their highly successful performance yesterday has attracted wide media attention.,3. 在去年的亚洲铁人三项赛上，中国队有出色表现。a) The Chinese Team put on an excellent performance at
27、 the Asian Iron Man Triathlon last year.b) The Asian Iron Man Triathlon last year saw the outstanding performance by the Chinese Team.,3. 我从来没有那么想过。a) I have never thought like that.b) I have never had such a thought.c) The idea has never come into my mind.d) The thought has never crossed my mind.,4
28、.航空公司在最后一刻取消了航班，旅行团被迫改变行程。 a) As the airline canceled the flight at the last minute, the travel group had no choice but to change its itineraryb) The airline canceled the flight at the last minute, so the travel group had no choice but to change its itinerary.c) The airline canceled the flight at th
29、e last minute, which compelled the travel group to change its itinerary.d) The last-minute cancellation of the flight by the airline compelled the travel group to change its itinerary.,5. 没有生活目标就意味着无法利用生活所提供的各种各样的选择。a) Not having an aim in life means not being able to benefit from the variety of cho
30、ices life has to offer.b) The lack of an aim in life makes it impossible for one to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.c) Without an aim in life, one will be unable to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.d) One who has no aim in life is unable to benefit from the
31、 variety of choices life has to offer.e) If a person has no aim in life, he or she will be unable to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.,五. 添加主语,两种情况下需要添加主语：一是原文为无主句，翻译时要把原文隐含的主语作为译文主语；二是原文有主语，但译文的主语在字面上并不对应于原文中的任何词语。,广告既可能吸引也可能排斥顾客。a) Advertising can either attract or repel custo
32、mers.b) Customers may be attracted or repelled by advertising.c) The power of advertising is such that it can repel as well as attract customers.,汉语无主句的翻译,(一)动宾结构的无主句可译为被动语态。例如：没有爱心，就无法了解人生。Life cannot be understood without much charity(二)采用英语的存在句来译。例如：要发展就要变，不变就不会发展。Development means change；without
33、 change，there can be no development 街角躺着一个病重的老人。There lies at the corner of the street an old man who is seriously ill.,三)采用英语的倒装句来译。例如：远处传来悲壮的芦笛声。In the distance sounded a solemn，stirring reed flute. (四)采用英语的祈使句。例如： 量体裁衣，看菜吃饭。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes (五)采用英语的形式
34、主语。例如： 要解决问题，还须作系统而周密的调查工作和研究工作。In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study,(六) 补出主语。主语多是泛指代词或名词。例如： 只准州官放火，不准百姓点灯。One man may steal a horse，while another may not look over the hedge(七) 如果以上方法都不妥，就要具体问题具体对待。 聪明一世，糊涂一时。 Smart as a rule，but t
35、his time a fool,2. 谓语的确立汉语的谓语同主语相似，几乎所有的词汇和语言单位都可以充当谓语。此外，汉语的谓语可以横排式地连用几个动词。而英语的谓语只能由动词来担任，而且多数情况下只由一个主要动词来担任，其他动词往往以非谓语的形态出现（如不定式、动名词、分词)。,汉语的联动式谓语译成英语时，只能保留一个主要动词(并列动词除外)，而把其它的动词译为名词、介词短语、分词或者不定式等。e.g. 总统准备明天乘专机前往上海参观访问。The president is going to Shanghai by his special plane for a visit.晚上过来跟我们一块儿
36、去打保龄球好吗？Would you come to join us in playing Bowling this evening?,汉语连谓句英译 1. 运用英语的并列分句 1) 他跪在地上不停的磕头。He knelt down and kowtowed repeatedly.2）他们常常下乡调查。They often go down to the country and investigate the situation there.,运用英语的动词不定式1）农民进城卖菜。The peasants go to town to sell their vegetables. 2) 大家自觉地排
37、队买票。People voluntarily lined up to buy tickets.,运用英语的分词短语1）工人站在工厂外面耐心等候。The workers stood outside the factory, waiting patiently. 2） 学生说说笑笑走进礼堂。The students, talking and laughing, filed into the auditorium.,运用英语的介词短语 1）他们讳疾忌医。They hide their sickness for fear of treatment. 女孩子瞪大眼睛看着不速之客。The girl sta
38、red at the unexpected guest with wide-opened eyes.,(二)汉语兼语句的英译 将主谓结构用非谓语动词译出 1）我们邀请陈教授就当前国际形势作报告。We have invited Professor Chen to give a talk on the current international situation. 2） 他命令部队撤出大城市。He ordered his troops to pull out from thebig cities.,将主谓结构用宾语从句译出 1）他知道他妻子对他不忠。He knew that his wife w
39、as cheating on him. 2) 我们建议学校想办法改善学习环境。We suggest that the school should try toimprove the learning conditions.,3. 将主谓结构用状语从句译出 1）他们厌恶美国插手他们的内政。They hate the United States because it often interferes with their internal affairs. 2）他妒忌他的朋友找到一个漂亮的老婆和一份薪酬高的工作。He is envious of his friend because he has
40、a beautiful wife and a highly-paid job.,技巧,词的选择 词义引申 词语的增减 的译法 词的省略 （例句） 物称与人称 正说与反说 (含否定语气的句子),7. 外位语的英译对应法 拆句法还原法倒置法转化法 8. 被动与主动 9. 习惯用语的译法 10 重复词语和结构的译法 11 主语的选择 12 语篇的翻译,词的选择,词的选择“好”字的翻译,他们对我真好。这个问题好回答。论事业，他是个好丈夫；论脾气，她是个好妻子。她身材苗条，形容娇好.楚王好细腰。,They are really kind to me.,This question is easy to a
41、nswer.,He is a successful husband in his business and she is a tender wife in her nature.,She is slim and beautiful.,The king of Chu liked the slender waist person.,词的选择 “笑”字的翻译,人人都笑我。Everybody laughs at me. 对于他的威胁，她一笑置之。She smiles at his threats. 她暗笑他的不懂事。She sniggers at his childishness. 那小女孩格格地笑着
42、，走开了。The little girl went away, giggling.,词的选择“快”字的翻译,我的表不准，每天快十多分钟。 My watch doesnt keep good time. It gains more than ten minutes a day. 时间过得真快！How time does fly! 情人节快到了。 Valentines Day is near. Valentines Day is at hand. Valentines Day is drawing near. 这把刀很快。The knife is really sharp.,词的选择“影响”一词的
43、翻译 文艺对人的思想有很大的影响。Literature and art have a great influence upon peoples ideology. 离婚对儿童的不良影响已成为美国社会普遍关注的问题。The negative impact of divorce on children has become a matter of general concern of the public in America. 我说的话对他简直没有任何影响。What I said made practically no impression on him. 一个伟大的人无论做什么都产生影响。A
44、great man leaves his mark on whatever he does. 身体过胖会影响一个人参加体育活动。Being overweight will handicap one in sports.,选择最合适的表达来翻译各句的“心”1. 心有余而力不足。Ones ability falls short of ones _. 2. 您的建议我永远会铭记于心。I will always bear your advice in _. 3. 如果你忘了他的生日她会很伤心的。Youll hurt her _if you forget her birthday. 4. 居心叵测to
45、nurse evil _.,heart; mind; brain; intention; wish; popularity; feeling,wishes,mind,feelings,intentions,5. 得人心者得天下。Those who gain _ among people will gain the power. 6. 劳心者治人，劳力者治於人。Thos who work with _rule， those who work with their brawn are ruled. 7. 哀莫大于心死。The greatest despair comes from a devast
46、ated _.,heart; mind; brain; intention; wish; popularity; feeling,popularity,brain,heart,第二周 词义引申,具体抽象,英语有过分使用抽象表达法的倾向。汉语以实表虚，以具体表抽象。,他的话让我出了一身冷汗。I by his words. 他万万没想到在他前进的路上竟然会出现这么多的拦路虎。He had never expected that so many would stand in his way.,(汉语）具体（英语）抽象,was extremely terrified,obstacles,英语的抽象表达
47、,他的性格既残暴又狡猾。There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character. 你成功的秘诀是什么？What is your for success?生活有甜有苦。Every life has its and .,recipe,thorns,roses,Commitment among parents is a key ingredient in the Hyde mixture. 在海德中学的综合教育中，父母的参与是一个关键的组成部分。Jimmy has lived there for 11 years now with m
48、any different caretakers and blossomed on his own. 如今，吉米在那里生活了11年，在许多人的照料下，同时依靠自己生活得有声有色。,练习：用引申法翻译下面的句子，注意划线部分的译法。,1.不要让情感控制理智。Dont let your rule your .2.他感到这第一次求职面试，在他整个一生中占有重要的地位。He felt that this interview for her first job was a tremendous in her whole existence.,head,heart,inch,译出褒贬,有些感情色彩是显性的
49、，很容易辨认，如：足智多谋：wise and resourceful 诡计多端：treacherous他们讲唯心论,我们讲唯物论。They idealism while we materialism .,preach,advocate,须注意的事项,然而有些感情色彩是呈隐性的，需要依靠上下文才能看出，翻译时应注意准确传达出来，如：在整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。Oppose，combat，fight against 中国的经济是一个大问题，忽视不得。经济过热，确实带来了一些问题。problem ，issue，question,增词法和减词法,一、为了保证语法结构的完整：代词：汉语中有许多没有
50、主语的句子，英语则一般需要主语。 另外汉语中很多名词前都没有代词，需要增补。 大作收到，十分高兴。I am very glad to have received your writing. 没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words.,
