1、大学英语写作课概述系列讲座 （四）,尹 德 谟西华大学外国语学院中国 . 成都 邮编 610039Email: 2007年7月,一、大学英语短文的写作基本格式与要求,1、 标题,2、三段式作文（30分钟之类完成120240个words）,1）大学二、三级英语作文要求 120个words 以内,2）大学四级英语作文要求150180个words 以内,3）大学六级英语作文要求180240个words 以内,二、 标题与主题句的关系,1、标题,2、主题句,主题句写作质量的好坏是大学英语三段式作文成败的关键，是我们课堂教学和对学生进行训练时的难点和重点, 但这一点往往在教学中被忽视。许多教师在对学生训
2、练作文时，一开始就让学生写“三段式命题作文”，这是不符合作文教学的基本规律和特点的。因此，大学英语作文的训练， 应该从三个段落的主题句的写作开始入手，这样会收到很好的效果。,三、 主题句与支撑句的关系,1、什么是主题句？主题句在段落中的作用是什么？,2、主题句的特点是什么？在三段式作文中其容量应该有多大？,1) a. Mountains are beautiful.b. E Mei Mountain stretched before us like a scene from E Mei City.2) a. Graduation from high school is very importa
3、nt.b. Without a high school diploma, it is almost impossible to get a good job.3) a. Now most of the countries in the world deeply believe that China is a great socialist country with a long history.b. China needs more foreign investment in her industrial construction.4) a. Mr.Wang is an English tea
4、cher of 50.b. Almost every student holds the idea that Mr. Wang is a kind English teacher.,提示：主题句一般不使用疑问句、条件句；（练习）,四、 主题句与段落的关系,1、 主题句在段落中的位置1）首句2）中位 3）尾句（首尾呼应）,2、主题句与支撑句的区别及其关系,1）主题句的容量大小取决于段落的大小,2）支撑句是一些信息单一的句子,3）支撑句需紧扣主题句来展开,五、段落的写作要领,1、如何扩展一个段落（how to develop a paragraph）,1）用事实或数据来扩展一个段落（by usin
5、g facts or statistics）,2）用具体事例来扩展一个段落 （by using specificexamples）,3）用一件小事件或佚事来扩展一个段落（by using anincident or an anecdote）,4）用比较或对比的方法来扩展一个段落（by using comparisons or contrasts）,五、段落的写作要领,2、用事实或数据来扩展（by using facts or statistics）,Italy has contributed more immigrants to the United States than any other
6、 country except Germany. Over five million Italians came to this country between 1820 and 1063. Large scale immigration began in 1880, and almost seven million Italian immigrants arrived in the present century. The recent statistics tell us that the Italian immigrants have already covered almost 7%
7、of the total number of the Americans.,五、段落的写作要领,3、用具体事例来扩展 （by using specific examples）,Dozens of enterprising businessmen made American life richer, safer, and more comfortable. Gail Borden invented condensed milk, a healthy, safe product, in time （1859）when fresh milk was often dangerous. Willis C
8、arrier named his 1902 invention “ air conditioning ”. Clarence Birdseye discovered frozen foods, and Aaron Montgomery Ward brought the department store to the most isolated farm through the innovation of t he mail order catalog, which made the farmers feel closer to the urban life than ever.,五、段落的写作
9、要领,4、用一件小事件或佚事来扩展（by using an incident or ananecdote）,I think that one of the reasons I became a writer was because once, when I was driving home with my parents, they let me keep a date with a rainbow. There had been a heavy summer storm, when suddenly I screamed, “Stop the car! I must write a poem
10、 about that beautiful rainbow! ” My father pulled up at the side of the road and off I went into the drizzle and the sunshine, while they just waited. It was one of those special moments that that change you, made more than youve been. It is an experience in saying “Yes!” to life and thats really wh
11、at spontaneity and joy are all about.,五、段落的写作要领,5、用比较或对比的方法来扩展（by using comparisons or contrasts）,1）Sometimes there is something very much coincidental in the world. For instance, both President Lincoln and President Kennedy were attacked by an assassin on a Friday, and each in the presence of his w
12、ife. Each man was shot in the head; in each instance, crowds of people watched the shooting. Lincolns secretary, named Kennedy, had advised him not to go to the theater where the attack occurred. Kennedys secretary, named Lincoln, had advised him not to go to Dallas where the attack occurred. Do you
13、 think such matters like this are really coincidental or something that must be as it is?,2）Although Henry and Rouge were the same age, that is, almost thirty, they were very different. Henry was twice as large, and fully six times as strong as Rouge. Henrys face was roughened by winds and storms, b
14、ut Rouges was bloated by sherry-cobblers and brandy-toddy. Henry had led a life of hardship and privation; while Rouge never had a whim which he would not gratify at the first moment he could ever have. Henry, moreover, was the most disinterested man Ive ever seen and met; while Rouge cared for nobo
15、dy but himself.,3）这两种方法的特点A. 比较的方法：比较相同点B. 对比的方法：对比不同点,六、写作训练的步骤,1、在规定的标题下，练习三个相关的主题句（34周）,2）一篇短文的三个主题句的关系,2、在规定的标题下，写出三个主题句，并扩展其中一个主题句下的段落（34周）,按照“最重要重要次重要”的循序展开,1）写作构思,1）写作构思,3）教学要求：30分钟之内完成,2）段落的扩展按照“最重要重要次重要”的顺序展开,3）教学要求：30分钟之内完成,六、写作训练的步骤,3、在规定的标题下，写出三个主题句，并扩展其中的两个相关联的主题句下的两个相关联的段落（34周）,1）写作构思,
16、2）两个段落的关系：要求学生注意段落在意义上的逻辑关系,3）教学要求：30分钟之内完成,4、在规定的标题下，写出三个主题句，并完成整个短文（3 4周）,1）写作构思,2）三个段落的关系：要求学生注意段落在意义上的逻辑关系,3）教学要求：30分钟之内完成,七、批改与讲评作业,1、每次作文后需批阅每个班三分之一的学生的作业,1）详细记录学生整体性错误，如：词汇、结构、表达、构思等方面，并下次课开始时，在全班进行讲评。,2）记录个别不具整体性的严重错误；在全班进行讲评。,3）记录个别不具整体性、且错误不严重的学生姓名，并在作业批语中写道：“下课后，你来找我，我有话对你讲。” 课后，当面给学生指出错误
17、及该如何修改。,2、批阅作业时，以“鼓励”、“赞扬”为主；并在评讲时，在班上宣读较好的两篇作文（同时也指出文中不足部分）或写得精彩的语句。,八、结束语,“ 教师是一种职业，是一种特殊的职业， 是一种需要教师个人终生学习的职业。”“ 教师常被人们赞誉为灵魂工程师，或喻为蜡烛 ，照亮了别人，燃烧了自己。 我觉得自己不可能那么伟大，也没有那么高尚； 倒有点儿像江边渡口的摆渡人， 几十年如一日地一船又一船地护送着自己的学生驶向他们理想的彼岸， 努力帮着学生自己去撑开他们航进的风帆； 退休后常湖边垂钓、或在自己书斋里， 喝着茶、 看着书、 或写着自己未完成的书稿的那个老头儿。” 引自尹德谟散文集2011年 . 西华大学出版社,谢谢大家！,
