1、Chinas Community Banks 中国地方性(社区)银行的发展情况,By Dr. Tao Zhang Peoples Bank of China May 2005, Shanghai, China 2005年5月25日, 上海,Outline,Background: Chinas banking system Chinas community banks Issues for discussion,The Banking System: A large range of banks,4 SOBs 3 Policy banks 12 JEBs 112 City Commercial
2、Banks 709 City credit unions 4 Rural commercial banks 4 Rural cooperative banks 33,586 rural credit unions 119 foreign-owned banking institutions (branches, res.rep. offices),Size of the banking sector,Banking sector: dominant in the financial industry By March 2005，total banking assets Y32. trillio
3、n RMB (vs. GDP: Y10.4 trillion RMB ) Thats 95% of the total asset of the entire financial institutions,Bank lending dominates (by end 2004）,Market shares: distribution of banks 全国商业银行市场份额比较表,What is a community bank,Definition 1: providing banking services to local residents and firms, and in doing
4、so, specializing in providing banking services to local communities; Definition 2: chartered or licensed to provide commercial banking or saving services in a specified locality,Some characters of community banks 社区银行的基本特征,Limited size of assets (USA：less than US$1 billion） At least half of deposits
5、 come from local community至少一半的存款来自于同一个县内的各个分支机构 Client base: local community, SMEs,Community Banks in China 中国的中小金融机构,Chinas community banks: in distinguish from national and regional banks There are city and rural community banks There is not yet a single community bank thats is privately owned,Ty
6、pes of Community Banks in China 中国小金融机构的类型,City commercial banks城市商业银行 City credit unions城市信用社 Rural credit unions农村信用社 Rural cooperative banks农村合作银行 Rural commercial banks农村商业银行 Some Joint-Equity Banks (JVBs),Why Community Banks,Help ease the situation: SME and rural financing社区银行可以有效地改善中小企业和农村贷款难的
7、状况。 Not to compete with “big brothers” 社区银行服务于小企业和社区居民，和大银行不会形成激烈冲突。 Local knowledge advantage社区银行通常十分熟悉本地市场，信息不对称程度相对大银行而言较小。 Winning more support from local government and local residents社区银行则主要将一个地区吸收的存款继续投入到该地区，从而推动当地经济的发展，因此将比大银行更能获得当地政府和居民的支持。,But there are debates,Size does not matter most Co
8、rporate governance that is market-based Greater number of small banks help improve the composition of market players But more important is to fix the “bad” institutions,City Credit Union: Facts and Figures 城市信用社,City Credit Union:Facts 城市信用社的改革和发展历程,First CCU started in 1979 Became more popular in 1
9、986 Consolidation in 1989 Recovered after 1992 Some restructured to city cooperative Banks in 1995， renamed to City Commercial Banks after 1998 Close-down of some of the CCUs in 1999 Another round of consolidation in 2000,City Credit Unions: Figures (end June 2004),709 institutions nation-wide全国共有城市
10、信用社法人机构709家。 412 in business处于运营状态的城市信用社412家。 Total asset: 151.769 billion Yuan账面资产总额1517.69亿元。 Pre-tax profit:173 million Yuan in H12004,City Commercial Bank 城市商业银行,1995, some city credit unions was restructured into city cooperative banks, to provide commercial banking services to SMEs Completion
11、of city cooperative banks to city commercial banks in 1998 112 city commercial banks Total asset: 1667.15 billion yuan (by end March 2005) Thats 5.1% of total asset of financial institutions in China NPL ratio: 11.5%,City Commercial Banks:Figures (end 2004),图表1-2 全国城市商业银行资产负债及损益简表单位：亿元/%,City Commer
12、cial Banks: Main Issues 主要问题,Lack of managerial skills资本管理水平较低， Capital inadequacy资本充足率不足的问题日益突出， Low quality of asset总体资产状况较差， Difficult NPL dissolution不良资产处置难度加大，资产损失率较高 Regional imbalance发展极不平衡，呈现明显的地区性差异；少数高风险行经营困难，风险状况十分严重。 。,Rural Credit Unions: Facts and figures农村信用社,农村信用社的经营状况 农村信用社改革: a foc
13、us,Rurul credit union: figures (end 2004),Total deposits: 2784.097 b yuan Total lending: 1955.125 b yuan NPL ratio: 23.1%, fell by 6.27% within the year Lending to agricultural sector: 849.029 b yuan, up by 22.5% Lending to farmers: 679.956 b Yuan, up by 21.86% 26,245 RCUs made profit in 2004, accou
14、nting for 81% of the nation-wide RCUs RCUs as a whole in operational surplus of 10.462 b Yuan, first time ever,Rural credit unions: facts,Associated with and managed China Agriculture Bank 1978-1996by 1978年，农村信用社交由中国农业银行管理。 Independent from CABC in 1996, supervised by PBOC Piloting reforms of RCUs i
15、n July 2007: Jiangsu province, etc: 6 provincial-level RCUs and 65 perfecture-level RCUs 2003-2004: RCUs reform expanded to all provinces,RCUs: Reform Measures,Purpose: commercialization Principle: ownership; incentive; Central-local responsibility Two key issues Ownership : local governments Corpor
16、ate governance,More RCU Reforms,Rural Cooperative Bank/Rural Commercial bank,Figures经营状况 Main issues存在问题,RCBs/RComB: Figures,By end 03/05, 19 RCBs and 8 RComBs in operation 23 RCBs and 1 RComBs issued with licence but yet in operation NPL ratio: 6.1% RCBs and RComB all meet minimum CAR requirements
17、(8% and 4% respectively),RCBs/RComBs: Main issues 存在问题,Weak Governance股权设置不尽合理，法人治理尚待完善。 Lack of Internal control内部控制制度不够健全。 Weak human resource management劳动人事制度滞后，高素质人才缺乏。,JVBs,Growth of credit lending,2001-2004年 股份制商业银行贷款增速变动图,33.87,39.05,39.11,20.5,0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,2001,2002,2003,2004,
18、贷款增长%,Privately-owned banks 民营银行,What is a private-owned bank in China?民营银行的界定 Why private-owned bank and why not?民营银行的优点 Private-owned bank: community bank tomorrow?民营银行是中国发展战略的必然选择,What is a privately owned bank 民营银行的界定,Def 1: controlled by private capital (equity)第一种定义强调产权结构，认为由民间资本控股的就是民营银行。 Def
19、 2: serve for private business firms第二种定义强调银行的资产结构。认为民营银行主要应当为民营企业服务，向民营企业贷款。 Def 3: market-based corporate governance第三种定义强调公司治理结构，是否采用市场化机制来经营。,Why private-owned bank and why not,Why: Separation of politics and business政企分离，受到政府的干预比较少。 Development of market oriented managers 按照市场规则选择经理人员，比较容易在竞争中培
20、养出金融人才。 No historical burden没有历史包袱，经营机制灵活。 Why not: moral hazard,Private-owned bank: A forward looking,SMEs: backbones in the Chinese economy SMEs need more small scale financing services, most of them to be provided small banks Private-owned banks more competitive than others International experien
21、ces,Issues for Discussion,Overall Concerns 中国银行体系的问题,Corporate governance NPL Structural issues Biased to large firms: the “2:8” rule Lack of SME financing Regional imbalance Lack of business diversification,银行业业务结构,国外有很多特色金融机构提供特色化金融服务。而在中国，无论大银行还是中小金融机构，其业务经营范围非常单一和雷同，主要是吸收存款而后向企业贷款，即使象以前的一些非银行金融机
22、构也是如此。而且各家金融机构过分遵循所谓的“二八原则”，片面追逐大企业。因此，我国没有出现个性化的金融服务和特色金融机构，而恶性竞争问题屡禁不止。业务结构的单一使得我国一些既有的小金融机构也不能很好地为中小企业和农村提供融资服务。,社区银行国际经验小结,社区银行应采取“社区化”而非“全国化”的发展战略，为社区居民和小企业服务。 与经济功能相比较，社区银行应更注重社会功能。 社区银行的发展需要政府的政策支持、监管当局的有序监管以及社区金融的正确定位。,信贷业务的企业结构,目前，我国中小企业创造的最终产品和服务的价值占GDP的55.6%，提供了75%以上的就业机会，在我国经济生活中发挥着重要作用。 据统计，国有商业银行信贷结构中，中小企业所占的比例仅为20%，拒贷率高达56.1%。 中小企业的融资困境与其经济绩效极不相称，融资问题在一定程度上阻碍了中小企业的进一步发展。,THANK YOU,
