1、“以此代彼”的Metonymy,Metonymy vs. Synecdoche,Metonymy: 借代；转喻；换喻 Synecdoche: 提喻 Traditional rhetorical views: two distinct ones Metonymy: A substitutes B; A and B is related or contiguous Synecdoche: part for whole; whole for part Cognitive linguistics: in the same conceptual domain; unnecessary to separa
2、te and synecdoche is subtype of metonymy,Lead-in：找找看,Body,Lead-in：找找看,英汉指代人的各种常规表达(conventional expressions) 头发/hair grey hairs（老年人） We dont hire longhairs. 丫头：扎着丫字形的辫子 头/head 老头；皓首；点人头； Dinner at $ 15 a head; We need some good heads on the project. 脑/brain Brain drain：人才流失 首脑,Lead-in：找找看,脸/face I s
3、aw many new/familiar/strange faces我看见很多新的、熟悉的、陌生的面孔。 眼/eye No eye saw him, but a second later, every ear heard a gunshot. 眉/eyebrow 美眉；娥眉：美人；须眉：男子； 鼻子/nose count noses 口、嘴/mouth 大嘴巴 央视名嘴 三口之家；养家糊口 another mouth to feed,Lead-in：找找看,胡须/moustache, beard 须眉：指男子，堂堂须眉；巾帼不让须眉 A thousand moustaches can live
4、 together, but not four breasts. 千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。 脖子/neck 硬脖子 a redneck: 指美国南方农民 手臂/arm 左膀右臂 The Giants need a stronger arm in right field. 手/hand （通常指代manual worker） 人手不够。新手/green hand; a factory hand; a ranch hand; a real hand at geometry; All hands on deck! 手腕/wrist 大腕：指“有名气、有实力的人”,Lead-in：找找看,腿/
5、leg The coach is going to put some fresh legs in the game. 脚/foot 我们需要一些脚力（搬运工人）。 心/heart Two young hearts had been freed from the burden of guilt and suspicion. 心肝 用于指称“最亲热最心爱的人” 心腹 指“亲信的人”，如身边的心腹 骨头/bone Lazy bones/懒骨头；贱骨头 血液/blood We need some new blood in the organization.我们组织需要新鲜血液。,Lead-in：找找看
6、,其他指代方式，如从穿戴上： 巾帼、裙钗：指妇女 blue stocking: 女学者；才女；好卖弄学问的女人 pink collar: secretaries, phone operators, and other pink-collar workers white/blue/golden/grey collar Skirt: a woman or girl, e.g. a real skirt; a skirt chaser; 拜倒在石榴裙下。 boot: U.S. Navy, Marines. a recruit The suits on Wall Street walked off w
7、ith most of our savings. 领袖 红领巾小学生,1. Definitions,从词源学上,metonymy来源于古希腊语metonumia,意思是“意义的改变”(change of name ) 1.1 Traditional definitions 1.2 Cognitive definitions,1.1 Traditional definitions,In standard definitions, metonymy tends to be described as “a figure of speech that consists in using the nam
8、e of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated” (Websters Third New International Dictionary). metonymy是用甲事物的名称来代替乙事物，而且甲、乙是有关联的,1.1 Traditional definitions,传统观点认为转喻是用某事物的名称替换相邻近事物名称的特殊修辞手段,这样它就把转喻研究简单地局限于词汇层面。换句话说,转喻几乎等同于名词A与B的指称或替代。,1.2 Cognitive definitions,Lakoff & Johnson
9、 (1980: 35) “one entity to refer to another that is related to it” In Lakoffs (1987) book, Women, Fire and Dangerous Things, Lakoff states that a metonymic model consists of two entities A and B that are in the same conceptual structure. B is either part of A or closely related to it. “Compared to A
10、, B is either easier to understand, easier to remember, easier to recognize, or more immediately useful for the given purpose in the given context” (Lakoff, 1987: 84).,1.2 Cognitive definitions,转喻是选取事物易理解(well-understood)或易感知(easy-to-perceive)的方面来代替事物的整体或事物的另一方面或部分，即用突显、重要、易感知、易记忆、易辨认的部分代替整体或相关的其他部分
11、，或用具有完形感知的整体代替部分。,1.2 Cognitive definitions,转喻的本质特征在于它借事物之间的关联性(relatedness)或邻近性(proximity/contiguity)建立事物之间的指称关系，是同一概念域中的映射。,2. Types of metonymy,PART WHOLE Metonymy 整体部分转喻 PRODUCER FOR PRODUCT生产者、首创者或发现者代产品 OBJECT USED FOR USER工具代工具使用者 CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED 控制者代被控制的 INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE 机构代该
12、机构里的人 Location Metonymy 地点转喻 CONTAINER FOR CONTENT 容器代内容 MATERIAL FOR OBJECT 材料代成品 CAUSE EFFECT Metonymy 因果转喻 CONCRETE ABSTRACT Metonymy具体抽象转喻 THE COMMON THE SPECIFIC Metonymy 普通特定转喻 借事物的象征标记或个体特征代事物,PART WHOLE Metonymy,THE PART FOR THE WHOLE Deliver to the door. 送货上门。 一日不见，如三秋兮。 孤帆远影碧空尽 THE WHOLE F
13、OR THE PART The car broke down. All the plants in the cold country are turning green in this smiling year. He hit my arm. 洗车,PRODUCER FOR PRODUCT,He bought a Ford. I like Mozart. 你买联想还是惠普？ 何以解忧，唯有杜康。 Sandwich首创此夹心面包人的人名。 Watt 瓦特，volt 伏特；Alzheimer老年痴呆症,OBJECT USED FOR USER,The pen is mightier than th
14、e sword The sax has the flu today. 那吹萨克斯的病了。 We need a better glove at third base. The buses are on strike. 出租车罢工。 他是个笔杆子。 The car does not know where to go.,CONTROLLER FOR CONTROLLED 控制者代被控制,Bush bombed Iraq. Napoleon lost at Waterloo. A Mercedes rear-ended me.,INSTITUTION FOR PEOPLE,Youll never ge
15、t the university to agree to that. The Army wants to reinstitute the draft. I dont approve of the governments actions. The Times hasnt arrived at the press conference yet. Teaching college is a mixed bag of rewards. 她教小学，我教中学。,Location Metonymy,(1) THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION 地点代机构 (2) THE PLACE F
16、OR THE EVENT 地点代事件 (3) THE PLACE FOR THE PEOPLE 地点代人 (4) THE PLACE FOR THE PRODUCT 地点代产品,(1) THE PLACE FOR THE INSTITUTION 地点代机构,The White House isnt saying anything. Washington is insensitive to the needs of the people. Paris is introducing longer skirts this season. Hollywood isnt what it used to
17、be. Down Under Australia Capitol Hill the Congress Downing Street British government Fleet Street the British press Madison Avenue American advertising industry Foggy Bottom U.S. State Department,(2) THE PLACE FOR THE EVENT 地点代事件,Lets not let Thailand become another Vietnam. Pearl Harbor still has a
18、n effect on our foreign policy. Watergate changed our politics.,(3) THE PLACE FOR THE PEOPLE 地点代人,The whole city is excited. The whole town showed up. Los Angeles wins Huston. (Los Angeles Lakers and Huston Rocket) 北京欢迎你！ 在体育比赛中，常用国家、城市等来代替球队，如羽毛球： 中国打败了印尼。 北京跟上海是1 1。（北京国安足球队和上海申花）,(4) THE PLACE FOR
19、 THE PRODUCT 地点代产品,china 瓷器； japan 日本漆器； cashmere 克什米尔细羊毛、毛线及织品； morocco（摩洛哥）- 摩洛哥皮革； champagne （法国一地名） 香槟酒； 茅台茅台酒；龙井龙井茶 badminton（羽毛球）则是借自首次举行羽毛球比赛的一英国地名叫Badminton laptop 手提电脑，笔记本电脑,CONTAINER FOR CONTENT,Have another glass? 再来一杯？ Be fond of the bottle 贪杯 dish(碟、盘)用来指代菜肴 The kettle boils. 水开了 The mo
20、ther did her best to take care of the cradle. 锅焦了。 The milk tipped over.,MATERIAL FOR OBJECT,glass（玻璃）玻璃杯 iron 熨斗 metals 铁轨 brass 黄铜制品（如烛台、饰物等） gold 金币 watercolour 水彩画 丹青绘画 五金金属制品,CAUSE EFFECT Metonymy 因果转喻,His native tongue is Chinese. Bump 因碰撞引起的肿块 Pride/骄傲 使人感到骄傲的人或事，如he is our pride; 中国骄傲 She is
21、 my joy.（以上为cause for effect, 即用因代果） 而在表示人情感状态时，往往用人的生理反应来代表起因，physiological effects for emotions: 脸红表示羞愧，垂头表示悲伤，手舞足蹈表示高兴，汗毛直立/make ones hair stand on end、鸡皮疙瘩/goose-flesh or goose-pimples表示恐惧；黑着脸、脸色铁青表示发怒等，这些都是果代因。,CONCRETE ABSTRACT Metonymy具体抽象转喻,我们经常用自己身上的器官来指代很多抽象的概念，如用心指代情感，如 My heart will go o
22、n, and on (Titanic theme song) Eye：1.（常用复数）视力；视觉；眼力：weak eyes，sharp eyes，by ones eye（凭眼力）2.目光；眼神：to avoid eye contact，catch ones eye 3. 看；一瞥；注目；凝视：to cast an eye over sth（瞥一眼某物）All eyes were on him. Be unable to take ones eyes off 4. 鉴赏力；观察力；识别力：have an eye for sth（对有鉴赏力） muscle strength; 阅兵既是鼓舞中华民族
23、意志更是对国外反华势力亮“肌肉”,CONCRETE ABSTRACT Metonymy具体抽象转喻,以下是抽象代具体的例子： beauty (美丽) 美女；youth 青年人 It is a pity that there is more ignorance than knowledge in the country. It was a thoroughly representative gathering science, politics, business, art ，the world. 英语中常以某种感情、心理状态代替人或具体事物，如上面的pride, joy以及下面的： love
24、爱人，意中人；hate 所恨的人；grief(悲伤) 令人悲伤的事 excitement 令人激动的事；inspiration 鼓舞人心的人事,THE COMMON THE SPECIFIC Metonymy,Man 丈夫；woman 妻子； Tom, Dick and Harry / 张三李四 普通人； Ivan the Russian people; John Bull the British People; Uncle Tom 用以指想讨好或侍奉白人的黑人男子 一个雷锋倒下了，千万个雷锋在成长。三个臭皮匠，抵个诸葛亮。,借事物的象征标记或个体特征代事物,The Pentagon 美国国防
25、部； Plain clothes 便衣警察； greenback: 美元 red cap 车站搬运工 黄毛丫头；红领巾；四只眼 The bench gave a hearing to the bar. 法官认真听取律师的陈词。 “诺诺”误国，“谔谔”兴邦,3. Functions of metonymy,3.1 Rhetorical function 修辞功能 3.2 Linguistic function 语言学功能 3.3 Referential function 指称功能 3.4 Cognitive function 认知功能,3.1 Rhetorical function,Being
26、concise and implicit（简洁含蓄） What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave.幼小所学,终生不忘。 Let us remember that if this financial crisis taught us anything, its that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers（奥巴马获胜演讲） block by block, brick by brick, calloused hand by calloused
27、hand （奥巴马获胜演讲） He rested on his laurels. The only way out is fig-leaf diplomacy. Try to avoid being penny wise and pound foolish.,3.2 Linguistic function,A. 转喻与多义词 B. 转喻与转喻性短语 C. 转喻与命名,A. 转喻与多义词,Paper可以转指以纸为书写或印刷材料的许多东西，如报纸、试卷、论文、证件、文件、债券、钞票、票据等， “材料代产品”的转喻。 Bureau有“办公桌, 写字台，办公室”等含义 Bureau源自古法语burel
28、，指的是用以遮盖写字台等之类家具的布，借而用它来指代办公桌、写字台；又因一个办公室里往往办公桌是必不可少、最为显眼，所以又借而形成了“办公室”之意。这里的转喻过程是“借事物的明显特征来转指事物”。,A. 转喻与多义词,Board（木板），它可以指“饭桌、会议桌、舞台、船板、棋盘、仪表板、布告牌、记分牌、篮板、跳板、冲浪板” “材料代产品”的转喻， “伙食、膳食”， “给.供应伙食”； “董事会、委员会”； on board 在船上， board借用为动词表示“登上”。,B. 转喻与转喻性短语,lend sb a hand 给某人以帮助 keep an eye on 照看, 密切注视 follo
29、w ones nose 凭本能行事 show ones teeth 威胁; 现出敌意;发怒 hold ones tongue 住嘴; 不开口 point one s finger at someone: to blame someone指责 turn ones back on sb背弃;不理睬 go to church go to school; at/in school,C. 转喻与命名,（1）以典型特征代替与之相关的另一事物 black box(黑匣子),black fish(巨头鲸),black flag(海盗用的骷髅旗); black hole(黑洞),blackjack(包皮铅头棍棒
30、),blue john(蓝块萤石),white metal(白合金),white coal(白煤,发电用的水),white crops(谷类作物,指小麦,玉米等), white fish(白鲑,鳕),white fly(粉虱),white iron(白口铁),white light(白光),white room(绝尘室,恒温,恒压,安装、修理精密仪器的场所)。,C. 转喻与命名,（2）部分代整体 blackfin(黑鳍白鲑); cross bill(交嘴雀),golden eye(金眼凫),red cap(金翅雀),red head(红头啄木鸟),red shank(赤足鹬),wagtail(
31、摆尾鸟),white head(白头鸟),yellow legs(黄脚鹬),3.3 Referential function,Directing our attention to what should be focused on We need some good heads on the project. The coach is going to put some fresh legs in the game. Do you like Shakespeare? Let us remember that if this financial crisis taught us anything
32、, its that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers（奥巴马获胜演讲） The ham sandwich is waiting for his check. 7号桌结账。,3.4 Cognitive function,转喻象隐喻一样,是我们日常思维的一种方式。它以经验为基础,遵循一般和系统的原则,并被用于组织我们的思维和行为,属于一种认知方式和认知现象。,4. Metonymy vs. Metaphor （思考讨论）,转喻的本质特征在于它借事物之间的关联性(relatedness)或邻近性(proximity /contiguity)建立事物之间的替代关系。 转喻是基于三种邻近性:空间邻近性、时间邻近性和因果邻近性。 隐喻是以相似性(similarity)为基础。,
