1、2003 朱泰琪考研英语写作讲座主题：考什么类型作文？怎么写? 用什么句型写？如何才能写好？一The main types of guided writing:1. 提纲式作文：Directions:Women make a great contribution to the progress of modern society. But there are still some people who dont agree with it. There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an es
2、say to the newspaper based on the following outline.1. Role of women in modern society2. Prejudices and discrimination against women 3. My comment You should write about 200 words within 40 minutes. Women play an important part in modern society. Now many women are going into professions, such as me
3、dicine, law and engineering. They comprise a large part of the workers in offices and factories. Many jobs they are engaged in are in line with their special capabilities of their sex. In addition, some of are working up to important positions which used to be held mainly by men. There are even some
4、 businesses which are run completely by women. It is obvious that women are making an outstanding contribution to the progress of modern society. There are, however, still some people who assert that men are superior to women in many ways. In the first place, many jobs men do can hardly be done by w
5、omen, who are physically not strong enough. They believe that women are the weaker sex both physically and emotionally. Thus, women are naturally suited, much more so than men, to the performance of domestic duties. According to them, a womans place is within the protective environment of the home.
6、Secondly, most of the world-famous scientists and statesmen are found to be males. Finally, the whole society seems to have always been dominated by men only. In their opinion, men should enjoy more rights than do women. Personally, Im firmly standing on the side of those women right defenders. Sinc
7、e both men and women are equally important in human activities, they should be on an equal footing. (242 words)2. 提纲图表式作文：Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes. Study the following table care fully and your composition must be based on the informati
8、on given in the table. You should quote as few figures as possible. Outline: 1. Changes in peoples daily expanses in the past five years2. Possible reasons for the changes 3. My own conclusion YearItem 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Food 65% 60% 48% 42% 35%Clothing 5% 7% 10% 13% 15%Recreation 3% 5% 7% 8% 1
9、3%Others 24% 26% 33% 36% 38%Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%In the past five years, there have been great changes in peoples daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent on food decreased gradually, accounting for 35 per cent in 2001. However, there
10、 was a rapid increase in clothing expenses, which made up 15% in 2001. In addition, the table shows an upward tendency in recreation expenses. The same was the case with other expenses. What caused these remarkable changes? In my opinion, there are at least three good reasons. To begin with, with th
11、e rapid development of agriculture in China, the output of grain, fruit, vegetables and milk has sharply increased, which contributes to the decline in their prices. Secondly, the family incomes of people both in the city and in the country have greatly risen so that people now can afford expensive
12、clothing and some of them even want to dress in the latest fashion. Finally, as the living conditions improve, the demand for a variety of recreations is growing steadily, too. In short, with the incomes continuing to rise, people will no longer resign themselves to living a dull, monotonous life. T
13、hey are eager to make their life interesting and exciting. Therefore, I am sure that people will spend more money on clothing and recreations. (219 words)3规定情景式作文：Directions: Migrant workers (外地民工) have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. In this part, you are to write within 40 m
14、inutes a composition of 200 words about “The Role of Migrant Workers”. You can agree and/or disagree, completely or partially to above statement. But no matter which position you take, you should supporting reasons. As is known to all, migrant workers have made a great contribution to the prosperity
15、 of cities. They are an indispensable part of our work force. Most of them work on construction sites. There is no doubt that without migrant workers many of construction projects would have to be held up for lack of manpower. In addition, a large number of migrant workers are a beneficial factor, w
16、hich enhances the consumption of food and daily items. This in turn helps to develop food industry and service trades in cites. All these are positive aspects of migrant workers in cities. However, as a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides”. The same is the case with migrant workers. First
17、ly, most of them are not well educated and professionally trained. Some of them have had very little schooling. As you know. Illiterate people, who are usually ignorant of the law, tend to make trouble, thus endangering social order. Secondly, most of the migrant workers swarm into big cities just t
18、o make money. Being illiterate or unskilled, some of them would stop at nothing to get what they are ambitious for. Therefore, they are a potential threat to the peace and stability of society. In my opinion, in the appraisal of migrant workers, it is one-sided to affirm everything or to negate ever
19、ything. We should appreciate the great contribution made by them, and at the same time pay enough attention to the problems caused by them. (244 words)二、The structure of a paragraph and its development:1. Structure of a paragraph: topic sentence, development sentence and concluding sentence. 2. Ways
20、 of developing a paragraph:1) Comparison and contrast (对比法)2) Cause and effect (因果法)3) Exemplification (举例法)4) Generalization and qualification (概述法)5) Argument (议论法)三、Some sentence patterns commonly-used in controlled writing :-关于利弊、优缺点的句型：1. S + have (or has ) a lot of advantages over (与.相比有许多优点)
21、译：汽车与自行车相比有许多优点。have the advantage of (有.方面的长处)译：1 ）英语好是她的长处。 2）澳大利亚与中国相比，其优点是人口少。3）他比他们有利的是他会操作电脑。 2. be of great benefit to sb./sth. (对有益 ) 译：你的计算机知识对你将来的工作十分有益3. benefit sb/sth. (对 有好处) 译：这家新医院对整个社区有利。benefit from sth. (由于.而受益) 译：我们将从技术发明中受益。4. do (a lot of) good to sb. (对. 有许多好处) 译：早晨锻炼对你很有好处。be
22、 good for sb./sth. (对.有益) 译：蔬菜和水果有利人的健康。do damage to sth./damage sth. (对.造成损害)译：这次地震对城市建筑损坏严重。do harm to sth./harm sth./endanger sth. (对. 有害处)译：吸烟危害人的健康。5.be as(not so) good/great as 译：他做得没有说得好。6. not so much as (与其说,不如说)译：人口的迅速增长与其说是由于出生率的上升不如说是由于死亡率的下降。The reason for the rapid increase in populati
23、on is not so much a rise in birth rate as a fall in death rate.-说明原因的句型：1. There are（some、two 、many） （for、to do sth）good reasons Example: There are two reasons for the changes in peoples living conditions. First, we have been carrying out an opening and reform policy. Second, our national economy is
24、 developing rapidly and the birth rate has been put under control.2. We have two good reasons for 译：我们有许多理由反对工业不受控制的发展。3. The reasons for is that + 从句译：我们支持“希望工程”的原因时，许多贫困地区的儿童付不起继续学业的各种费用。-表示不同看法的句型：1. Different people （have、hold ） （opinions、views）different （question、problem 、matter ） on this Some
25、believe that Others argue that Still others maintain that 译：人们对国际文化交流的看法各不相同。有些人认为，国际文化交流能促进各国人民之间的友谊和了解。另一些人则争辩说，中国是一个具有 5000 年历史的文明古国，并且有自己的传统文化，它和西方文化截然不同。因此，他们反对国际文化交流。我认为，第 2 种看法是片面的。现在国际文化交流是非常重要的。各国人民应该互相了解、互相学习以便增进友谊。People differ in their opinions on the international cultural exchange. Som
26、e believe that international cultural exchange contributes to the friendship and understanding of the people all over the world. Others argue that China is an ancient civilized nation with a history of 5000 years and has its own traditional culture, which is quite different from that in the western
27、countries. Therefore, they are opposed to the international cultural exchange. In my opinion, the second view is one-sided and partial. The international cultural exchange is of great importance now. People of all countries should understand each other and learn from each other to enhance the friend
28、ship among them.2. They are quite different from each other in their opinions.3. Some people hold the opinion that it is good to have a small family. 4. They think quite differently on this question. 5. They differ greatly in their attitudes towards noise problem. Example: Parents and children think
29、 differently on this question. Parents hold that children should work hard and do well at school. Children, however, maintain that they should have freedom to spend their leisure time and to plan for their own future. -表示必须、紧急、有困难做某事的句型：1. It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, conveni
30、ent, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for sb. To do sth. Examples: 1) It is inevitable that the natural resources throughout the world are diminishing as the demand for them is on the increase. 2) It is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the effici
31、ency of its industry and agriculture. 3) It is urgent for the government to take measures to control the birth rate in our country/to change deserts into farmland. 4) It is necessary to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas, and other public facilities to meet the incre
32、asing needs of the people. 2. have （trouble、difficulty 、a hard time、a difficult time） (in)doing sth. (有困难做某事)Example: He has troubles finding a satisfactory job. have trouble with sth. (对有困难，不好对付)Example: I have some trouble with my English study.-常用谚语（在议论文中）：1. As a popular saying goes, “Every coin
33、 has two sides”. 2. As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides”. On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you dont deal with it properly, it will do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from two sides. 3. As a proverb says, “Where there is a
34、 will there is a way.” (有志者事竟成。)4. As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he keeps.”(观其交友，知其为人。)5. As is known to all, “No pains, no gains”. (没有苦，就没有甜。)6. Its no use crying over the spilt milk. (覆水难收。)7. More haste, less speed. (欲速则不达。)8. Look before you leap. (三思而后行。)9. He who lau
35、ghs last laughs best. (谁最后笑，谁笑得最好。)-关于因果关系的句型：1.The（cause of、reason for）higher prices was an increase in demand. 译：他们取得的成果是由于他们的刻苦努力。2. （Because、As、Now that、Since ）the demand has increased, the prices are higher. 3. An increase in demand （causes、results in、leads to、produces ） higher prices. 4. The d
36、emand has increased. （Therefore、As a result、For this reason、Because of this、Consequently ）the prices are higher.5. If there is an increase in demand, then prices （rise、go up、boost、are higher）译：由于所有这因素，政府越来越多地依靠科学家来安排适当的规划并付诸实践。As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly d
37、ependent on scientists for planning appropriate programs and putting them into effect. -辩论中常用的句型：1. There is no doubt that 译：毫无疑问，人口的飞速增长促使野生动物数量的锐减。 2. It is obvious/clear that 爱心是一盏灯，越黑暗的地方，它越明亮。 3. As is known all, 中国一贯主张，国家不分大小，应该一律平等。4. (Its) no wonder(难怪) 译：他不努力工作，难怪他丢了工作。5. It goes without sa
38、ying that (不成问题，很自然 )译：很自然健康的人比病人幸福。6. What is more important, 我们应该保持生态平衡。7. I am convinced that 我们的社会充满着爱，明天将会变得更美好、更光明。-举例表示法：1. For example, the peoples economic status has been greatly improved. 2. For instance, the economic status of the people has been improved. 3. Lets have an example. TV set
39、s, refrigerators and recorders have become household necessities. -概述（用于图表作文）：1. According to the figures given in the table, 中国的钢产量已超过美国和日本，占世界第一。2. This chart shows that 全世界吸烟者的人数不断上升，占总人口的 20%3. As is shown by the graph, 某些野生动物物种的灭绝于世界人口的猛增密切相关。4. It can be seen from the statistics/picture that 随
40、着城市中汽车数量的不断增加，空气污染和噪音已成为威胁城市居民生存的主要公害。5. It is generally （believed that、accepted、thought、held ） 各国政府应该采取措施来保护海洋资源。6. There is a （slight、slow 、steady、rapid） （rise、increase 、income、decrease 、decline、reduction 、fall 、drop）in（demand.、population.、prices.、production. ） 译：表中所给的数字表明，最近 5 年来人民的收入已有显著增长。7. be
41、 on the（increase 、decrease、rise、 decline）(在增加/减少/ 上升/下降)译：从曲线图可以看出，世界各国的自然资源在不断减少。Example: The number of （cars in cities 、students in the college、traffic accidents）has been on the（ rise 、increase、decline、decrease）in recent years.-结尾句型：1. In my opinion, I am in favor of owning a car. 2. Personally, I
42、 prefer to work in the country rather than in the city. 3. In short, parents and children should learn to get through to each other. Only in this way can the most difficult problems be solved properly. 4. In conclusion, we cannot achieve success without effort and hard work.5. As far as I am concern
43、ed, I agree with the opinion that “No pains no gains.”四、参考作文翻译练习：（1 ）提纲式作文Road Accidents Outline:1. Losses caused by road accidents 2. Suggested ways to reduce road accidents 3. My comments 最近 5 年来道路事故的数目不断上升，尤其在城市中。每当发生交通事故，有关的人员不是受伤就是死亡。它们对国家和受害者的家庭造成了巨大的损失。因此，迫在眉睫的是，我们应该采取措施来减少交通事故并确保道路安全。 我想有几个方
44、法可以降低事故率。首先，政府应该采取有力措施来改善道路状况。例如：应该投资更多的钱来建造新的公路，许多又老又窄城市街道应加宽或重建。其次，地方当局应该用各种可能的方法来教育人民遵守交通规则。最后，行人穿过繁华街道时应小心谨慎。我认为，以上所提到的几个方面是避免交通事故所必需的。随着车辆不断的增加，城市道路正变得越来越拥挤。但是假如每个人各尽其责并遵守交通规则，道路将会变得更安全。我相信，交通状况将会改善，尽管我们还有许多的困难要克服。Road AccidentsIn the past five years the number of road accidents has been on the
45、 rise in big cities. Whenever they happen, the people involved are either injured or killed. They cause great losses both to the country and to victims families. Therefore, it is urgent that we do something to reduce traffic accidents and make our roads safe. There are several ways I think to cut do
46、wn to accident rate. In the first place, the government should take effective measures to improve road conditions. For example, more funds ought to be invested in building new highways and many of the old narrow streets in cities widened or reconstructed. Secondly, local authorities should educate p
47、eople in every possible way to comply with traffic regulations. Finally, pedestrians should be very careful whenever crossing busy streets. In my opinion, the above mentioned ways are essential to avoid traffic accidents. With the number of cars continuing to rise, the roads in cities are getting mo
48、re and more crowded. But if everyone does his part and observes traffic rules, the road will be safer to all of us. I trust traffic conditions will be improving though we still have a long way to go. (200 words)(2)规定情景式作文Directions: Stress is a natural part of modern life. In this part, you are requ
49、ired to write within 40 minutes a composition of no less than 200 words about “Stress in Modern Life” (现代生活中的压力). You are to state briefly the relationship between stress and modern life and the different attitudes towards stress. At the end of your composition you should draw your own conclusion. 众所周知，压力是日常生活中很自然的事，并且也无法躲避压力。随着现代生活的节奏不断加快，我们从早到晚总是感到忙忙碌碌。而且很难减慢。我们似乎觉得我们周围人人都在拼命干。因此，不管一个人干什么，他总会感到压力。可见，在竞争社会中压力和生活是影印不离的。然而，不同的人对压力的看法不同。有些人认为，压力并不是通常所认为的坏事。他们的观点是， 某种压力对提供动力和使生活哟目
