1、All petroleum reservoirs experience pressure declines, and most wells require artificial lift at some point, most commonly where reservoir pressure is insufficient for natural flow. Artificial lift systems may also be used to enhance production from flowing wells with a reservoir pressure that is in
2、sufficient to produce a require amount of fluid.所有的油气储层都要经历压力降低的过程，大多数井在某些阶段需要人工举升，通常是在储层的压力不足以自流自喷。人工举升系统也可以用于自喷井和储层压力不足以生产所需量时的增产。Extensive research and field studies have been conducted on a range of artificial-lift systems that have been developed and applied extensively to meet industry needs.
3、These systems include beam pumping, gas lift, electrical submersible pumps, progressive cavity pumps, and hydraulic.为满足行业的需求，广泛的研究和实地调查已经进行了，人工举升系统得到了广泛的发展和应用。这些系统包括游梁抽油机，气举，电潜泵（ESP） ，螺杆泵（PCP 的） ，和液压泵。Gas lift lightens the fluid gravity to increase the flow and correspondingly lower the sand-face pr
4、essure.气举减轻流体的重力增加流量并相应地降低砂表面压力。One definition of lift system efficiency is found by dividing the power added to the fluid stream by the amount of power needed from external sources such as motors or compressors.升降系统效率的定义之一是电源加入到流体的能量除以外加能量，例如电机或压缩机所需的功率量。Beam pumping systems actuate a downhole plun
5、ger pump with traveling and standing valves. PCP pump rotate from rods or a downhole motor that spins a metal rotor inside a rubber stator and moves a cavity of fluid upward as the pump spins. 游梁式抽油系统驱动带有游动阀和固定阀的井下柱塞泵。螺杆泵旋转螺杆或井下电机旋转橡胶定子内的金属转子，使一腔流体向上移动，由于泵的旋转。ESP systems include a motor powered thou
6、gh a three-phase cable from the surface to rotate a stack of impellers inside a stack of diffusers.The hydraulic reciprocating pump is a rapidly reciprocating plunger pump with ball-and-seat check vavles.电潜泵系统包括一个电机通过来自地面的三相电缆来转动一堆内叶轮推进器和里面的一堆分离器。液压往复泵是一种带有球座单流阀的高速往复式柱塞泵。In intermittent lift, the we
7、ll is produced and is periodically shut in until sufficient pressure builds in the casing to lift liquids and to produce the well for a brief time before shutting the well in again. The same downhole equipment that was used for continuous lift may be adapted to perform equally well intermittently.在间
8、歇气举时，油井生产和定期关闭，直到有足够的压力建立在套管上来举升流体，并在一个短暂的时间里生产，在再次关井之前。相同的井下设备用于连续气举，同样也适用于间歇气举。Tubing pressure-sensitive valves are used in annulus flow situations and when a particular tubing pressure is required, such as in an intermittent lift application where the valve is designed to remain closed until a su
9、fficient fluid load is present in the tubing. The pressure-sensitive valves use either a dome charge or a spring to provide the closing force. Normally a bellows is used to contain the dome charge or to otherwise provide the operating area. All of the valves will include a reverse-flow check valve w
10、hich prevents backflow. Tubing pressure valves may be used in places where casing pressure is limited. However, fluctuations in tubing pressure can cause periodic movement of the injection point up and down between lower valves, leading to inefficient lift or multi-point injection in some cases. 油管压
11、力控制阀用于在环空环流的情况下，以及当一个特定的油管的压力是必需的，如在间歇气举的应用，控制阀保持关闭，直到有足够的流体负载存在于油管，压力控制阀使用一个圆顶压力包或弹簧提供的关闭力。波纹管通常被用来包含穹顶压力包或以其他方式提供的区域。所有的阀门包括一个反向流动的单向阀，防止了回流。油管压力阀可用于在套管压力的地方是有限的。然而，油管压力波动会导致注入点在较低的阀之间上下周期性运动，从而导致低效的举升或在某些情况下，多点注入。Hydraulic pumps provide another efficient artificial-lift option.Well candidates tha
12、t lack the bottomhole pressure to sustain acceptable flowrates and have low GLRS,but which still have acceptable productivity capacity,are ideal candidates for hydraulic pumps .Two basic pump types are piston pumps and jet pumps .Both pump types requir similar surface ,offer good lift efficiencies ,
13、and are serviceable with slickline well servicing operations.液压泵提供了另一种供选择的有效的人工举升方式。缺乏井底压力来维持足够的流速和低气液比，但仍有可接受的生产能力的井，是理想的使用液压泵的候选井。两种基本类型的泵是活塞泵和射流泵。两种泵要求类似的地面装置提供良好的举升效率，便利的带绳索式的井下维修作业。PCPs are generally the preferred method for lifting cold viscous, sand laden fluids. PCPs are a positive displacem
14、ent pump with a helical metal rotor which rotates in an elastomeric stator. The elastomeric stator is attached to metal tubing.螺杆泵一般都是举升冷粘性，含砂流体的首选方法。螺杆泵是一个正排量泵，带有在橡胶定子里旋转的螺旋形金属转子。橡胶定子连接到金属油管。Many challenges still in the design of artificial-lift systems. Modern well geometries differ significantly
15、from the vertical wellbores where artificial lift has historically been applied. Horizontal wells, multilateral wells, high-temperature wells, wells with sand-laden production, wells with corrosive fluids, and other conditions all contribute problems which must be considered when using artificial li
16、ft requirements may be for production of several thousands of barrels per day or may be for a very few barrels of water per day to be lifted from a gas well so that gas can produce efficiently.Unique challenges also exist in applying lift systems in subsea wells. Subsea well requirements do not sign
17、ificantly change the artificial-lift system but do emphasize the need for reliability more than in other applications.Even more complexity can be introduced if artificial-lift systems are considered in combination as ESPs in combination discussed as an alternative to increasing compression capabilit
18、ies for the gas-lift system.These and other design issues will provide the future advances in the application of artificial-lift systems in well completions.此处跟以上内容相似故略去翻译。Methods for Sand ExclusionFour broad groups of sand exclusion methods are available: (1) production restriction methods, (2) mec
19、hanical methods (3) in-situ chemical consolidation methods, and (4) combination methods. With the exception of production restriction methods, the remaining methods provide some means of mechanical support for the formation and help prevent formation movement during stressed that result from fluid f
20、low or pressure drop in the reservoir.四个应用广泛的防砂方法是可用的：（1）生产的限制的方法，（2 ）机械的方法（3 ）就地化学胶结方法，及（4 ）相结合的方法。与生产限制的方法不同，其余的方法提供了一些装置，用于形成机械支撑，并有助于防止地层在源于储层中由流体流动和压力下降引起的应力下运移的方法Production RestrictionIn a sandstone formation, stresses resulting from fluid production or pressure drop act on the minerals that b
21、ond the sand grains together, resulting in sand production. One means of reducing this sand production is to restrict the production rate. This method has the lowest initial cost and in some cases, may be a successful alternative to other available methods. However, in most cases, it is not a durabl
22、e or economical solution to formation sand production.在砂岩地层中，源于流体的生产或压力下降的应力作用在胶结了砂子颗粒的矿物上，导致了出砂。一种减少这种出砂的方法是限制产量，这种方法成本最低，有时也许会很成功的替换其他方法，然而，大多数情况下它也不是一个持久的经济的方法。Mechanical Methods Mechanical methods are the most common well treatments for excluding sand production. Mechanical sand-control methods
23、are diverse, but they always include some type of device installed downhole that bridges or filters the sand out of the produced fluids or gases. These devices include a wide array of slotted liners, wire-wrapped screens, and prepacked screens, which are generally uses with gravel-pack procedures 机械
24、方法是最为普通的井下防砂措施。机械防砂法是多样的，但它们总包含一些固定在井下的装置桥堵或把砂子从产夜或产气中过滤出来。这些装置包含割缝衬管，绕丝筛管，预充填筛管（广泛用于砾石充填工艺） 。Screens and slotted liners encompass a broad range of downhole filtration devices. These devices (1) filter out the formation sand, (2) retain any particular materials, graded sand, or other proppants place
25、d against the formation to support it, and (3) stain out the naturally loose component grains. Variations in screen designs, which will be discussed later, are affected by cost, durability, and flow- through characteristics.筛管和割缝衬管包括一系列的井下过滤设备，这些设备（1）过滤出地层的砂子（2）保留一些特殊的矿物，分级的砂子，或其他支撑剂充填支撑地层（3）过滤出天然松散
26、的组成颗粒。不同的筛管设计后面将要讨论，受成本，耐用性，和流过流体的特性的影响。Selecting the Appropriate Sand Exclusion Method Once a well is identified as requiring sand exclusion, the appropriate exclusion method must be determined based on the following criteria: (1) economicsthe initial cost of the treatment and its effect on product
27、ion, (2) historical success, (3) applicabilitydegree of difficulty to perform treatment, and (4) length of serviceestimations of sand-free production and need frequency rates for repetition of the treatment.选择适当的防砂方法一旦油井被确定为需要防砂，适当的防砂方法，必须根据以下标准确定：（1）经济能力和其对生产的初始成本， （2）过往的成功（3）适用性实施的难易程度，及（4）服务周期，估计
28、无砂产量，和重复该措施的频率。Choosing the appropriate technique for sand exclusion requires an in-depth understanding of each sand exclusion method and its many modifications and variations. There are merits and limitations of every type mechanical and chemical consolidation methods.选择合适的防砂技术，需要深入了解每个防砂方法和它的许多改进和
29、变化。每一种类型的机械方法和化学胶结的方法都存在其优点和局限性。Liners and ScreensSlotted liners and screens are downhole filters that provide differing mechanisms and levels of sand retention or pack-support. Before a liner or screen is chosen, the well must be carefully evaluated so that the most applicable products can be selec
30、ted. Screen construction and shape can influence: (1) how well sand becomes packed in the annulus, (2) the flow capacity of the covered zone, and (3) how long the composite pack might last.割缝衬管和筛管是井下过滤器提供不同机理和精度的砂子保留或砾石充填。在选择衬管和筛管之前，必须对仔细的评估，以至于最为合适的产品被选择。筛管的结构和形状受到下列因素的影响（！）井中砂子如何充填环空（2）充填井段的流动能力(3
31、)混合充填能持续多长。The simplest slotted liner is made of oilfield pipe that has been slotted with a precision saw or mill. These slots must be cut circumferentially, otherwise the tubing would become weak under tension. The individual slots can be as small as 1/5 in. or as large as required for the gravel s
32、ize that will be used.最简单的割缝衬管由油田油管被精密的锯和铣割缝而成的，这些缝必须是圆周切向的，否则油管在张力作用下变得很脆弱。这些独立的缝可以小到 1/5 英寸或大如所需的将要使用的砾石尺寸。It is recommended to use tracers when one or more of the following conditions exist. (1) Thick intervals of reservoir to be stimulated (45 ft). (2) Stress contrast between the zone of interes
33、t and adjacent barriers is less than 700 psi. (3) Limited entry stimulation technique is planned. (4)Specialty proppants will be used or tail-in at the end of the treatment. (5) Fluid leak-off is expected to be higher than usual or is unknown.推荐使用的示踪剂时，存在下列条件中的一个或多个。 （1 ）被刺激储层厚间隔（45 英尺） 。 （2）感兴趣的区域和
34、相邻的盖层应力小于 700 磅。 （3 ）限流压裂增产技术被计划。 （4） ，特殊的支撑剂将被使用或尾追在该措施结束时。 （5 ）预期流体滤失比平时高或者是未知的。Temperature logging can determine post-treatment hydraulic fracture height and fluid distribution at the wellbore but is not indicative of propants placement or distribution. Cold fluid injected into the formation can
35、be detected readily by a change in the temperature profile within a wellbore. A series of logging passes usually is sufficient to determine the total treated height. Intervals that received a large volume of injected fluids and/or propants will require a much longer time to return to thermal equilib
36、ibrium.温度测井可以决定水力压裂的深度和流体在井筒的分布，但并不表示支撑剂的位置和分布。容易地通过在井眼内的剖面温度分布的变化检测到冷流体注入到地层中。通常通过一系列的测井曲线足以确定总的压裂裂缝的高度。收到一个大量注入的流体或支撑剂的井段，将需要更长的时间以返回到热平衡。Matrix Stimulation Matrix stimulation can remove the damage in a localized region around the wellbore, and, in some cases, it can even create a high-permeabilit
37、y network to bypass the damage.基岩激励可以去除井眼周围的地层伤害，以及在一些情况下，它可以创造出一个高渗透率的工作环境Acidizing treatments, the most common matrix stimulation treatments, are often categorized by formation rock type and acid type. Any acidizing treatment, regardless of formation type or acid, is performed through the naturall
38、y existing flow channels in the rock. Acid injection into the formation is carried out so that the pressures achieved during the treatment do not exceed the fracture pressure of the formation.酸化措施，是最普通的基岩激励的措施，通常根据地层岩石种类和酸的种类分类。任何酸化措施，不管是地层种类或酸类的酸化措施，都是通过自然存在于岩石中的流动通道来执行的。酸液注入地层中执行因此在这个措施中获得的压力不超过地层
39、裂缝破裂压力。Matrix acidizing in sandstone reservoirs removes near-wellbore skin damage caused by drilling, completions, fines migration, or clay swelling. Small concentrations of HCL-HF acid react within 1 to 6 in. of the wellbore to dissolve damaging materials within the rock matrix.在砂岩储层的酸化激励去除井筒附近的由于钻
40、井，完井，颗粒运移，或粘土膨胀引起的表皮伤害。低浓度的盐酸氢氟酸在一到六英寸的井筒内反应，溶解破坏岩石基质中材料。Diversion methods help place the acid effectively in the formation, while reducing injection into clean zones. Both chemical and mechanical diversion tools are available to direct fluid flow at the perforations.屏蔽暂堵方法帮助酸液有效地进入地层，同时减少其注入到干净层位中去
41、。化学和机械暂堵工具可以将流体导入到射好的孔中去。In fracture acidizing, acid is injected at a rate high enough to generate the pressure required to fracture the formation. Differential etching occurs as the acid chemically reacts with the formation face，Areas where the rock has been removed are highly conductive to hydroca
42、rbon fracturing fluids usually are not chemically reactive and proppants is placed in the fracture to keep the fracture open and provide conductivity.在压裂酸化时，酸以足够高的速度注入产生破裂地层所需要的压力。不同的腐蚀发生在酸与井壁的发生化学反应的地方。岩石已被去除的区域是高导电性的烃类压裂液，通常是不发生化学反应的支撑剂被放置在裂缝中，来保持裂缝的打开状态，并提供导电性。As a general guideline, fracture aci
43、dizing is used on formations with 98% hydrochloric acid solubility. Low-permeability carbonates are the best candidates for these treatments. Fluid loss to the matrix and natural fractures can also be better controlled in lower-permeability formation.作为共识，地层压裂酸化一般用于 98能被盐酸溶解的地层。低渗透率的碳酸盐是这些措施的最佳选择。流体
44、滤失到基质和天然裂缝中，在低渗透的地层也可以被更好地控制。支撑剂通常需要在井封闭强调大于 5000 磅。压裂酸化所造成的差分蚀刻不能支持如此高的应力。由于借款增加和额外的闭合压力，蚀刻区往往挤压或折叠，严重制约流井地带。尾巴阶段支撑剂压裂酸化处理后可以形成提供电导率地层应力增加。A conventional fracture acidizing treatment involves pumping an acid system after fracturing. It may be preceded by a nonacid preflush and usually is overflushe
45、d with a nonacid fluid.传统的压裂酸化措施包括在压裂之后的泵酸系统。其可能先注入一段非酸性前置液高粘度或低滤失，通常还尾追一段非酸性冲刷液。Proppants usually are required in wells with closure stresses greater than 5000 psi. Differential etching caused by fracture acidizing cannot support such high stresses. As the drawdown increases and additional closure
46、pressure is applied, the etched regions tend to crush or collapse, severely restricting flow in the wellbore area. A tail-in stage of proppant following a fracture acidizing treatment allows the formation to provide conductivity as formation stresses increase.支撑剂通常需要在井封闭强度大于5000 磅。压裂酸化所造成的不同腐蚀不能支持如此高的应力。当压降增加和额外的闭合应力产生时，腐蚀的区往往趋于压碎或坍塌，严重的限制井筒区域的流动。尾追支撑剂段赛紧随压裂酸化处理之后，在地应力增加的情况下使得地层仍具有导流性。后记感谢张创力同志的英文录入翻译不足的地方蛮多，将就着看看，求及格。石工 1009 324 宿舍翻译
