1、烛之武退秦师虚词而1.今急而求子:(连词,表修饰,不译)2.若亡郑而有益于君:(连词,表承接,不译)3.夜缒而出:(连词,表修饰,不译)4.朝济而夕设版焉:(连词,表承接,不译)5.因人之力而敝之:(连词,表转折, “却”)何1.何厌之有:(代词,疑问代词,作宾语, “什么” )乃1.乃还:(副词,表承接, “就” )其1.以其无礼于晋:(代词,第三人称, “它” ,指郑国)2.君知其难也:(代词,第三人称, “它” ,指这件事)3.共其乏困:(代词,第三人称, “他们” ,指出使的人)4.又欲肆其西封:(代词,第三人称, “它” ,指晋国)5.失其所与:(代词,第一人称, “自己的” )6.
2、吾其还也:(副词,表婉商, “还是” )且1.且贰于楚也:(连词,表并列, “并且” )2.且君尝为晋君赐矣:(连词,表递进, “况且” )若1.若使烛之武见秦君:(连词,表假设, “如果” )2.若舍郑以为东道主:(连词,表假设, “如果” )3.若亡郑而有益于君:(连词,表假设, “如果” )4.若不阙秦:(连词,表假设, “如果” )所1.君之所知也:(所字结构, “所的事” )2.失其所与:(所字结构, “所的事” )3.君亦无所害:(所字结构, “所的事” )为1.若舍郑以为东道主:(复音虚词, “以为” ,把 作为)2.且君尝为晋君赐矣:(实词,动词, “给予” )3.无能为也已:
3、(实词,动词, “做” )焉1.子亦有不利焉:(助词,句末语气助词,表陈述,不译)2.焉用亡郑以陪邻:(助词,疑问代词, “怎么” )3.朝济而夕设版焉:(助词,句末语气助词,表陈述,不译)4.将焉取之:(兼词,相当于“于之” ,从哪里)也1.且贰于楚也:(助词,句末语气助词,表陈述,不译)2.臣之壮也:(助词,句末语气助词,表陈述,不译)3.无能为也已:(助词,句中,表停顿,不译)4.是寡人之过也:(助词,表判断, “是” )5.君知其难也:(助词,句末语气助词,表陈述,不译)6.君之所知也:(助词,句末语气助词,表陈述,不译)7.吾其还也:(助词,句末语气助词,表陈述,不译)8.君之薄也:
4、(助词,句末语气助词,表陈述,不译)以1.以其无礼于晋:(介词, “因为” )2.越国以鄙远:(介词, “把” )3.若舍郑以为东道主:(介词,表目的, “来” )4.焉用亡郑以陪邻:(介词,表目的, “来” )5.阙秦以利晋:(介词,表目的, “来” )6.以乱易整:(介词, “用” )7.敢以烦执事:(介词, “用” )因1.因人之力而敝之:(介词,表依据、方法, “来” )于1.以其无礼于晋:(介词,表对象, “对” )2.且贰于楚也:(介词,表对象, “对” )3.佚之狐言于郑伯曰:(介词,表对象, “对” )4.若亡郑而有益于君:(介词,表对象, “对” )与1.与郑人盟:(介词,
5、“和” “同” “跟” )2.失其所与:(动词, “结交” “亲附” )之1.微夫人之力不及此:(助词,结构助词, “的” )2.公从之:(代词, “他” )3.是寡人之过也:(助词,结构助词, “的” )4.臣之壮也:(助词,结构助词,取独,不译)5.许之:(代词, “它” ,指郑国)6.邻之厚:(助词,结构助词,取独,不译)7.君之薄也:(助词,结构助词,取独,不译)8.行李之往来:(助词,结构助词,取独,不译)9.君之所知也:(助词,结构助词,取独,不译)10.何厌之有:(宾语前置的标志)11.将焉取之:(代词, “它” ,代土地)12.惟君图之:(代词, “它” ,代这件事)13.使杞子、逢孙、杨孙戍之:(代词, “它” ,指郑国)14.子犯请击之:(代词, “它” ,指秦国)15.因人之力而敝之:(助词,结构助词, “的” )16.亦去之:(代词, “它” ,指郑国)李子木