1、-ia suffix forming names of countries, diseases, flowers, from L. and Gk. -ia, which forms abstract nouns of fem. gender. In paraphernalia, Mammalia, etc. it represents the L. and Gk. plural suffix of nouns in -ium or -ion. -iatric from Gk. iatrikos “healing,“ from iatros “physician, healer,“ relate
2、d to iatreuo “treat medically,“ from iaomai “to cure,“ from iaino “heat, warm, cheer.“ -ing suffix attached to verbs to mean their action, result, product, material, etc., from O.E. -ing, -ung, from P.Gmc. *unga (cf. O.N. -ing, Du. -ing, Ger. -ung). Originally used to form nouns from verbs and to de
3、note completed or habitual action. Its use has been greatly expanded in M.E. and Mod.Eng. The other use of -ing is to form the prp. of verbs, and in this sense it developed from O.E. -ende (cf. Ger. -end, Goth. -and, Skt. -ant, Gk. -on, L. -ans). It evolved into -ing in 13c.-14c. -ise See -ize. -ish
4、 adj. suffix, from O.E. -isc, common Gmc. (cf. O.N. -iskr, Ger. -isch, Goth. -isks), cognate with Gk. dim. suffix -iskos. Colloquially attached to hours to denote approximation, 1916. -ism suffix forming nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine, from Fr. -isme, from L. -isma, from Gk. -isma, from
5、 stem of verbs in -izein. Used as an independent word, chiefly disparagingly, from 1680. -ist agent noun suffix, also used to indicate adherence to a certain doctrine or custom, from Fr. -iste, from L. -ista, from Gk. -istes, from agential suffix -tes. Variant -ister (e.g. chorister, barister) is fr
6、om O.Fr. -istre, on false analogy of ministre. Variant -ista is from Sp. form, popularized in Eng. 1970s by names of Latin-American revolutionary movements. -istic adj. suffix, from L. -isticus (often via Fr. -istique), from Gk. -istikos, which is adj. suffix -ikos added to n. suffix -istes (see -is
7、t). -itis noun suffix denoting diseases characterized by inflammation, Mod.L., from Gk. -itis, fem. of adj. suffix -ites “pertaining to.“ Fem. because it was used with fem. noun nosos “disease,“ e.g. Gk. arthritis (nosos) “(disease) of the joints.“ -ize suffix forming verbs, M.E. -isen, from O.Fr. -
8、iser, from L.L. -izare, from Gk. -izein. English picked up the Fr. form, but partially reverted to the correct Gk. -z- spelling from late 16c. In Britain, despite the opposition (at least formerly) of OED, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Times of London, and Fowler, -ise remains dominant. Fowler thinks th
9、is is to avoid the difficulty of remembering the short list of common words not from Greek (advertise, devise, surprise) which must be spelled with an -s-. I 12c. shortening of O.E. ic, first person sing. nom. pronoun, from P.Gmc. *ekan (cf. O.Fris. ik, O.N. ek, Norw. eg, Dan. jeg, O.H.G. ih, Ger. i
10、ch, Goth. ik), from PIE *ego(m) (cf. Skt. aham, Hitt. uk, L. ego, Gk. ego, Rus. ja). Reduced to i by 1137 in northern England, it began to be capitalized c.1250 to mark it as a distinct word and avoid misreading in handwritten manuscripts. “The reason for writing I is . the orthographic habit in the
11、 middle ages of using a long i (that is, j or I) whenever the letter was isolated or formed the last letter of a group; the numeral one was written j or I (and three iij, etc.), just as much as the pronoun.“ Otto Jespersen, “Growth and Structure of the English Language,“ p.233 The form ich or ik, es
12、pecially before vowels, lingered in northern England until c.1400 and survived in southern dialects until 18c. The dot on the “small“ letter -i- began to appear in 11c. L. manuscripts, to distinguish the letter from the stroke of another letter (such as -m- or -n-). Originally a diacritic, it was re
13、duced to a dot with the introduction of Roman type fonts. The basic word for “I“ in Japanese is watakushi, but it is not much used. Words that boys usually use are boku (polite) or ore (OH-ray), a rougher word, which can be rude depending on the situation. Girls usually use atashi (a feminine-soundi
14、ng word) or the neutral watashi, but a tomboy might use boku like boys do. Ive contraction of I have, 1742, first attested in Richardsons “Pamela.“ i.e. 1598, abbreviation of id est, from L., lit. “that is;“ used in Eng. in the sense of “that is to say.“ I.H.S. O.E., from M.L., representing Gk. abbr
15、eviation of IHSOUS “Jesus,“ in which -H- is the capital of the Gk. vowel eta. The Roman form would be I.E.S. Mistaken for a L. contraction in the Middle Ages, after its Gk. origin was forgotten, and sometimes treated as short for Iesus Hominum Salvator “Jesus Savior of Men.“ Alternate version I.H.C.
16、 (terminal -s- often written -c- in later Gk.) is found on vestments from 950 C.E., and may be the source of the H. in slang Jesus H. Christ. I.O.U. 1618, with punning reference to “I Owe You.“ I.Q. 1922, abbreviation of intelligence quotient, a 1921 translation of Ger. Intelligenz-quotient, coined
17、1912 by W.L. Stern. iambic 1575, from L. iambicus, from Gk. iambikos, from iambos “metrical foot of one unaccented followed by one accented syllable,“ from iaptein “to assail“ (in words); the meter of invective and lampoon in classical Gk. from the time it was used for such by Archilochos, 7c. B.C.E
18、. Iberian 1601, from L. Iberia, ancient name of the Spanish peninsula, from Gk. Iberes “Celtic people of Spain;“ also the name given to an Asiatic people near the Caucasus. Of unknown origin, but the word as applied in Spain is believed to be related to the River Ebro. The earliest Eng. reference is
19、 to the Caucasians; in ref. to Spain and Portugal it dates from 1618. ibex 1607, from L. ibex “wild goat of the Alps and Apennines,“ from a pre-L. Alpine language. The Ger. steinbock. ibid. 1663, abbreviation of L. ibidem “in the same place,“ from ibi “there“ + demonstrative suffix -dem. ibis 1382,
20、from Gk. ibis, from Egyptian hab, a sacred bird of Egypt. ibogaine nerve stimulant, 1902, from Fr. ibogaine, from iboga, Congolese name of the shrub from which the chemical is extracted. ICBM 1955, acronym for Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile. ice O.E. is “ice,“ from P.Gmc. *isa- (cf. O.N. iss, O
21、.Fris. is, Du. ijs, Ger. Eis), with no certain cognates beyond Gmc. Slang meaning “diamonds“ is attested from 1906. Ice cream is first recorded 1688 (as iced cream); icing in the sugary sense is from 1769; ice cube first recorded 1929. To break the ice “to make the first opening to any attempt“ is f
22、rom 1590, metaphoric of making passages for boats by breaking up river ice though in modern use usually with implications of “cold reserve.“ iceberg 1774, partial loan-transl. of Du. ijsberg, lit. “ice mountain,“ from ijs “ice“ + berg “mountain.“ An earlier term was sea-hill (1694). Phrase tip of th
23、e iceberg, in a figurative sense, first recorded 1963. ichneumon 1572, originally a weasel-like animal in Egypt, from Gk. ichneumon, lit. “searcher,“ perhaps because it hunts crocodile eggs, from ichneuein “hunt for, track,“ from ichnos “a track,“ of unknown origin. Used by Aristotle for a species o
24、f wasp that hunts spiders. ichor 1638, from Gk., of unknown origin, possibly from a non-I.E. language. The fluid that serves for blood in the veins of the gods. Ichthyosaur 1830, coined from Gk. ichthys “fish“ + sauros “lizard.“ icicle M.E. isykle, from is “ice“ + ikel “icicle,“ from O.E. gicel (rel
25、. to cylegicel “cold ice“), from P.Gmc. *jekilaz (cf. O.N. jaki “piece of ice,“ dim. jkull “icicle, ice, glacier“). Dialectical ickle “icicle“ survived into 20c. Icknield Way prehistoric trackway from Norfolk to Dorset, O.E. Icenhylte (903), of unknown meaning and origin. Name transferred 12c. to th
26、e Roman road from Burton on the Water to Templeborough. icky 1935, Amer.Eng., probably from icky-boo (c.1920) “sickly, nauseated,“ probably baby talk elaboration of sick. Originally a swing lovers term for more sentimental jazz music. icon 1572, “image, figure, representation,“ from L.L. icon, from
27、Gk. eikon “likeness, image, portrait,“ related to eikenai “be like, look like.“ Eastern Church sense is attested from 1833. Computing sense first recorded 1982. iconoclast “breaker or destroyer of images,“ 1596, from Fr. iconoclaste, from M.L. iconoclastes, from Late Gk. eikonoklastes, from eikon (g
28、en. eikonos) “image“ + klastes “breaker,“ from klas- pt. stem of klan “to break.“ Originally those in the Eastern Church in 8c. and 9c. whose mobs of followers destroyed icons and other religious objects on the grounds that they were idols. Applied to 16c.-17c. Protestants in Netherlands who vandali
29、zed former Catholic churches on similar grounds. Extended sense of “one who attacks orthodox beliefs or institutions“ is first attested 1842. Iconoclasm in this sense is from 1858. id 1924, in Joan Rivieres translation of Freuds “Das Ich und das Es,“ from L. id “it“ (translation of Ger. es “it“ in F
30、reuds title), used in psychoanalytical theory to denote the unconscious instinctual force. Idaho c.1860, as a place name, originally applied to part of what is now eastern Colorado (Idaho Territory org. 1863); from Kiowa-Apache (Athabaskan) idaahe “enemy,“ a name applied by them to the Comanches. id
31、ea 1430, “figure, image, symbol,“ from L. idea “idea,“ and in Platonic philosophy “archetype,“ from Gk. idea “ideal prototype,“ lit. “look, form,“ from idein “to see,“ from PIE *wid-es-ya-, suffixed form of base *weid- “to see“ (see vision). Sense of “result of thinking“ first recorded 1645. ideal 1
32、410, from L.L. idealis “existing in idea,“ from L. idea in the Platonic sense (see idea). Sense of “perfect“ first recorded 1613. The noun meaning “perfect person or thing“ is first recorded 1796 in a translation of Kant. The abstract idealism, also from 1796, originally meant “belief that reality i
33、s made up only of ideas.“ Idealist “one who represents things in an ideal form“ is from 1829, as is idealistic. Ideally “in the best conceivable situation“ is from 1840. Ide fixe (1836) is from Fr., lit. “fixed idea.“ identical 1620, as a term in logic, from M.L. identicus “the same,“ from L.L. iden
34、titas “identity,“ ult. from L. idem “the same“ (from id “it, that one“) + demonstrative suffix -dem. Replaced M.E. idemptical, from M.L. idemptitas, from L. idem. identify 1644, “regard as the same,“ from Fr. identifier, from identit (see identity). Sense of “recognize“ first recorded 1769. I.D. (pr
35、onounced as separate letters), short for identification, is attested from 1955. identity 1570, from M.Fr. identit (14c.), from L.L. (5c.) identitatem (nom. identitas) “sameness,“ from ident-, comb. form of L. idem (neut.) “the same“ (see identical); abstracted from identidem “over and over,“ from ph
36、rase idem et idem. Term identity crisis first recorded 1954. ideology 1796, “science of ideas,“ originally “philosophy of the mind which derives knowledge from the senses“ (as opposed to metaphysics), from Fr. idologie “study or science of ideas,“ coined by Fr. philosopher Destutt de Tracy (1754-183
37、6) from ido- “of ideas,“ from Gk. idea (see idea) + -logy. Meaning “systematic set of ideas, doctrines“ first recorded 1909. Ideologue first recorded 1815, in ref. to the Fr. Revolutionaries. “Ideology . is usually taken to mean, a prescriptive doctrine that is not supported by rational argument.“ D
38、.D. Raphael, “Problems of Political Philosophy,“ 1970ides (pl.) c.1330, “middle day of a Roman month,“ from Fr. Ides (12c.), from L. idus “the eighth day after nones,“ a word perhaps of Etruscan origin. The 15th of March, May, July, and October; the 13th of other months. idiom 1588, “form of speech
39、peculiar to a people or place,“ from M.Fr. idiome, from L.L. idioma “a peculiarity in language,“ from Gk. idioma “peculiarity, peculiar phraseology,“ from idioumai “I make my own,“ from idios “personal, private,“ prop. “particular to oneself,” from PIE *swed-yo-, suffixed form of base *s(w)e-, prono
40、un of the third person and reflexive (referring back to the subject of a sentence), also used in forms denoting the speakers social group, “(we our-)selves“ (cf. Skt. svah, Avestan hva-, O.Pers. huva “ones own,“ khva-data “lord,“ lit. “created from oneself;“ Gk. hos “he, she, it;“ L. suescere “to ac
41、custom, get accustomed,“ sodalis “companion;“ O.C.S. svoji “his, her, its,“ svojaku “relative, kinsman;“ Goth. swes “ones own;“ O.N. sik “oneself;“ Ger. Sein; O.Ir. fein “self, himself“). Idiomatic is first attested 1712. idiosyncrasy 1604, from Fr. idiosyncrasie, from Gk. idiosynkrasia “a peculiar
42、temperament,“ from idios “ones own“ (see idiom) + synkrasis “temperament, mixture of personal characteristics,“ from syn “together“ + krasis “mixture.“ Originally in Eng. a medical term meaning “physical constitution of an individual.“ Mental sense first attested 1665. idiot c.1300, “person so menta
43、lly deficient as to be incapable of ordinary reasoning,“ from O.Fr. idiote “uneducated or ignorant person,“ from L. idiota “ordinary person, layman,“ in L.L. “uneducated or ignorant person,“ from Gk. idiotes “layman, person lacking professional skill,“ lit. “private person,“ used patronizingly for “
44、ignorant person,“ from idios “ones own“ (see idiom). “Reader, suppose you were an idiot. And suppose you were a member of Congress. But I repeat myself.“ Mark Twain, c.1882Idiot box “television set“ is from 1959; idiot light “dashboard warning signal“ is attested from 1968. Idiocy (1487) is perhaps
45、modeled on prophet/prophecy. idle O.E. idel “empty, void, useless,“ common W.Gmc. (cf. O.S. idal, O.Fris. idel “empty, worthless,“ O.Du. idil, Ger. eitel “vain, useless, mere, pure“), of unknown origin. Idle threats preserves original sense; meaning “lazy“ is c.1300. The verb sense of “running slowl
46、y and steadily without transmitting power“ (as a motor) first recorded 1916. idol c.1250, “image of a deity as an object of (pagan) worship,“ from O.Fr. idole, from L.L. idolum “image (mental or physical), form,“ used in Church L. for “false god,“ from Gk. eidolon “appearance,“ later “mental image,
47、apparition, phantom,“ also “material image, statue,“ from eidos “form“ (see -oid). Figurative sense of “something idolized“ is first recorded 1562. Meaning “a person so adored“ is from 1591; hence idolize (1598). idolatry c.1250, from O.Fr. idolatrie, shortened from L.L. idololatria (Tertullian), fr
48、om Gk. eidololatria “worship of idols,“ from eidolon “image“ + latreia “worship, service.“ idyll 1601, from L. idyllium, from Gk. eidyllion “short, descriptive poem of rustic or pastoral type,“ lit. “a little picture,“ dim. of eidos “form“ (see -oid). Idyllic first recorded 1856 in Amer.Eng.; lit. “
49、suitable for an idyll; full of natural, simple charm.“ if O.E. gif (initial g- in O.E. pronounced with a sound close to Mod.Eng. -y-), from P.Gmc. *ja-ba (cf. O.N. ef, O.Fris. gef, O.H.G. ibu, Ger. ob, Du. of), probably originally from an oblique case of a noun meaning “doubt“ (cf. O.H.G. iba, O.N. if “doubt“). Iffy is first attested 1937 in Amer.Eng.; originally associated with President Franklin D. Roosevelt. igloo 1824, Canadian Eng., from an Eskimo word for “house, dwelling“ (cf. Greenlandic igdlo “house“). igneous 1664, from L. igneus “of fire, fiery,“ from igni
