1、Writing NotesDate: July, 9th, 2017Task I 1. Three Typesi. Data: Bar Chart, Line Graph, Table, Pie Chart 图表类型：动态图、静态图 动态图：有两个或以上时间 重点 趋势 特殊值：起点、重点、最高点、最低点、交叉点 静态图：只有一个或者没有时间 比较描述对象：使用倍数、比较级ii. Process: Flow Chartiii. Map Describe the change Eg: Hospital is located to the west of car park2. 评分标准i. Tas
2、k Achievement/ Task Response Cover the Requirements of the task No off topics 不能添加主观想法，只能描述ii. Coherence and Cohesive 使用路标性词汇：顺承和转折iii. Lexical Resource 使用非高频词汇 Use words and phrases naturally and appropriately Vocabulary diversity Accurate spelling wordsiv. Grammatical Range and Accuracy Accurate g
3、rammar of sentences Use different ranges of sentences, structures to achiever grammatical3. 写作方法i. 开头段 图表词改写 The chart : bar chart, line chart, pie chart, table, diagram 动词 shows 改写 注意时态 Shows: illustrates, gives information about, compares, indicates, demonstrates 关键词（一定要改写） 数量改写 The number of + 可数
4、 The amount of + 不可数 The quantity of + 可/不可数 The figure for + 可/不可数 百分比改写 The percentage of : the proportion of 句式变化 Compares + 不同事物 + in terms of + 相同事物 名词变化 Expending : expenditure 地点（可以不改写） 时间可以改写 From 1980 to 2000: between 1980 and 2000, during the period from 1980 to 2000, over the period of 20
5、 years, over a 20-year period EG: The bar charts compares three types of telephone calls in terms of the amount of time spent in the UK between 1995 and 2002.ii. 主段写法 第一段: 起点数值对比 + 部分趋势 第二段：剩下趋势 + 终点值对比 数字三种表述方法 数值放在句首 EG: 60 million tonnes of goods were transported by road in the UK. 数值放在句末 Stand a
6、t = be; stood at = was = totalled EG: The amount of goods transported by road in the UK was 60 million tonnes. There Be 句型 EG: There were 60 billion tonnes of goods transported by road in the UK. 比较句的写法 Comparisons “ compared to”, “ compared with”, “ in comparison with” + 短语 EG: 6% of single aged pe
7、rson lived in poverty, compared to only 4% of aged couple “while”, “ whereas” + 句子 EG：6% of single aged person lived in poverty, while the proportion of aged couple living in poverty was 4%. 3 个数值的对比写法 第一个数值 the percentage at the start 第二个数值 add a comparison 第三个数值 the figure for EG: 1999, 35% of Bri
8、tish people went abroad for their holidays, compared to 28% of Australians spent their holidays in a different country. The figure for the USA stood at 31%. 若有 3 个以上的数值， 可以用 the figure for 数值 C and 数值 D were X and X respectively. 趋势的写法 时间过渡短语 Over the following _ years 动态图词汇 缓慢上升： increase/ rise (ro
9、se)/ grow (grew)/ go up (went up)/ an upward trend + gradually/ gently/ slightly/ moderately/ steadily 急速上升：+ sharply/dramatically/ rapidly/ substantially/ significantly 慎用： soar/ surge/ leap/ stood up 缓慢下降： decrease/ drop/ fall/ decline/ go down/ a downward trend + gradually/ gently/ slighted/ mode
10、rately/ steadily 急速下降： + sharply/ dramatically/ rapidly/ substantially/ significantly 慎用： plunge/ slump/ plummet 达到顶峰： reach a peak/ peak at 持平： remain constant ( unchanged ) / level off / stabilize 达到最低点： reach a bottom at / bottom out (at) 波动上升或下降： fluctuate with an overall upward trend ( downward
11、 trend) / increase (decrease) with a few fluctuations 顺承：similarly/ and/ likewise/ also/ besides ( 均为副词，前面加句号) 转折： on the other hand/ however/ by contrast/ in contrast (副词，前面加句号)； but (conj.) 接下来： then/ afterwards ( adv.) 尽管： although/ despite 约数 以上：just above/ over / more than 以下：just below/ almost
12、/ nearly 左右：about/ around/ approximately 超过：outnumber/ overtake EG: The consumption of chicken overtook/ outnumbered that of ( the figure for) beef in 2000. 介词： with, of, to ,by, at With: 有的含义，后面加短语 EG： Obama won the election with 52% of the vote AT: 用在加在句尾的数字，at 接数字 EG： The percentage of votes for
13、Obama was highest, at 52%. In: a rise IN 动态图句式 基本句型 （ 主句 + 动词 + 副词） EG: The number of divorces rose gently from 20 million to 35 million from 2000 to 2010. There be 句型 EG： There was a gentle rise from 20 million to 35 million in the number of divorces between 2000 and 2010. 被动态 EG： A gentle rise fro
14、m 20 million to 35 million can be noticed/ seen in the number of divorces during the period from 2000 to 2010. Witness 句式: 主语为时间 The period from 2000 to 2010 witness/ saw a gentle rise from 20 million to 25 million in the number of divorces. Underwent/ Experienced 句式 The number of divorces underwent
15、/ experienced a gentle rise from 20 million to 35 million from 2000 to 2010. 分词结构 The number of divorces was 20 million, rising to 35 million. 时间的表达 From 时间 on wards 从.时间以后 Looking into the future 将来的表达 Be expected to Predicted Projected Anticipated 当线超过 4 根及以上时 第一段：起点数值对比 第二段：整个趋势 + 终点描述 先写不变的先，再写变
16、化最大的线，最后写剩余的线 EG: Over the following 4 years, there was relatively little change in the figures for the top three mobile phone features. However, the percentage of people using their phones to access the internet jumped to 41% in 2008 and then to 73% in 2010. There was also a significant rise in the
17、 use of mobiles to play games and record video, with figures reaching 41% and 35% respectively. + 剩余终点值对比iii. 结尾写法 1-2 句， 不需要提及数字 最高线、最低线 趋势对比 变化率对比 段首连接词： the summarize/ it is noticeable that/ it is clear that Date: July, 23rd, 2017Task I1. 静态图1. 开头段与动态图类似，注意改写 两个数值的对比：倍数、比较级、compare, while EG: dom
18、estic water use = consumption of residential water EG: account for the majority/minority = the largest proportion in EG: expenditure = spending on EG: to be more specific, according to the chart/graph EG: people aged from 26 to 29 = 26-29 year olds2. 主段 原则 不要以国家或地区作为分类描述对象 维度相同时，描述对象可以选择，先做概括，在看数值 没
19、有国家或地区，按照维度小的作为描述对象 多余 12 个数值需要筛选来描述 最高值 第二高值 最低值 类比差异（比例）最大的值 句式 最高级、最低级 The number(数量)/percentage of A is largest/highest/maximal/Lowest/smallest EG: The proportion of sole parents living in poverty was highest, 21%. 比较级 Be higher/ larger than that A is considerably higher than B. 超过很多 A is margin
20、ally higher than B. 超过一点点 EG: The proportion of single aged person living in poverty (6%) was higher than that of aged couple (4%) EG: The consumption of chicken was higher than that of beef/the figure for beef. 倍数 A is less than/ more than twice/three times B. (A =B*2)a) EG: The consumption of chic
21、ken was twice that of beef.b) EG: The proportion of the elderly in 2005 was three times the figure in 1995. (15% versus 5%) Double/ triple/ quadruple a) EG: Rent as a percentage of the household expenditure more than doubled between 1975 and 1985. Twofold/threefold 用于动态图 adj an increase in number of
22、 such individuals can certainly be seen as a positive development. 题目：大城市生活越来越糟糕 论据：政府应该鼓励公共交通以建设污染和交通拥堵 Politicians have the power to ban vehicles from city centers and promote the use of cleaner public transport, which would help to reduce both air pollution and traffic congestion. 扩展：In London, f
23、or example, the introduction of congestion charge for drivers has helped to curb the traffic problem. 列数据 According to the statistics provided by a research group/ As was revealed from a recent report. 题目：环境污染的原因和解决办法 论据：原因之一是汽车尾气 The first culprit of degrading environment might be the increasing am
24、ount of car exhaust produced by vehicles. 扩展：As was revealed from a recent report, approximately 50,000 families in Beijing own more than two private cars, which inevitably gives rise to a considerable amount of car exhaust. 过去与现在对比 In the past, people used to.， but now we. 题目：高科技带来的好处多还是坏处多 论据：科技极大
25、便利了人与人之间的交流 First of all, technological advances have considerably contributed to the exchange of ideas and information among people. 扩展：In the past, people used to write letters which usually took several months to arrive at some distant destinations, but now instant communication has been realized
26、 through various kinds of communication tools, such as phones, video-chatting and social networking websites, which has substantially facilitated out daily lives. 对比 Compared with/ in comparison with/ by contrast 题目：gap year 好与不好 论据：gar year 的优点 The reason for this trend may involve the recognition
27、that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or travelling to other places, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to dr
28、aw on. 反面假设 采用虚拟语气：if + 主语 + 动词过去式，主句+would/ would not +动词原形 题目：大学生应不应该学电脑 论据：应该，因为电脑提供很多信息 The first reason why studying computer skills is a must for college students is that the Internet provides students with diversified types of information which is crucial to survival in this world. Conversely
29、, if college students didnt acquaint themselves with computer skills, they would probably lag behind the times or even be in the danger of being a complete outsider since we have access to most of the current information through the Internet. 题目: 年轻人离开父母越早越好嘛？ 论据：不是，父母可以为年轻的孩子提供及时的引导 Initially, mora
30、l guidance could be offered by parents to ensure those youngsters to refrain from misleading by inappropriate behaviors around them. After all, those who still stay with their parents might be informed of right ways of dealing with possible troubles. 扩展：Conversely, if young adolescents were exposed
31、to temptations and evils of society without their parents protection, they would more like to embark on criminal road that other cohorts.5. 报告型 (Report)i. 题目 Please give reasons and your suggestions. Please discuss the causes and possible solutions. Please discuss the causes and the possible effects
32、 on the society.ii. 结构 开头介绍背景（如可能，提前概括原因；如不可能，则给出文章框架） 原因段（主题句+2-3 个原因） 措施段/影响段（主题句+2-3 个措施/影响） 概括措施/影响iii. 开头段 二要素 介绍背景（1-2 句） 提前概括原因，如( It seems to me that, and are the tree main causes that may contribute to the problem) 或者给出文章框架 (在大陆考试慎用) 板式： This essay will first analyze all the possible causes
33、 of the problem and then come up with several feasible solutions that could be adopted in order to avoid the deterioration of the situation. 举例 题目：The quality of life in big cities becomes worse. Talk about causes of this problems and how to solve this problem. 开头段：Despite the fact that technologica
34、l advances have brought about may conveniences to peoples daily lives, the quality of life has not necessarily been enhanced, but rather been aggravated. It seems to me that environmental pollution and population explosion are the two main culprits. Culprit 罪魁祸首iv. 主段写法 段落 1 二或三要素 主题句，如（The main cau
35、ses that my lead to this problem can be listed as follows） 注意：如开头段第二句已经概括原因，这里可以没有主题句。 原因 1+扩展 原因 2+扩展 环境类词汇 污染物：pollutant=contaminant=toxic waste 恶化：degrade=deteriorate=exacerbate=aggravate=worsen 居民：inhabitant=resident 寿命：life span= life expectancy 标准：criterion, standard 新能源: renewable fuels, non-
36、fossil fuels, promote the use of renewable fuels 摆脱：breaking away from 提升意识： raise the awareness of 制定措施：enact rigid (strict) laws and regulations 不可或缺、取代：indispensable, irreplaceable 保障性住房：social housing EG：The first cause of degrading life quality might be the deteriorating environment. In fact, a
37、s the economy is developing at an amazing speed, demands for electronic devices and various other kinds of consumer goods are soaring. Accordingly, factories have to be in full operation in order to satisfy the growing needs, which inevitably produces enormous industrial contaminants. Besides, the e
38、xploding population might be a second culprit for the lower life quality. The past decades have witnessed considerable advances in medical science and medical instruments which have substantially increased peoples average life span. However, the increasing number of residents on the planet makes the
39、 limited living space even more limited, which may adversely affect peoples well-being. 段落 2 三要素 主题句，如 ( Several actions must be taken in order to prevent the deterioration of the problem) 措施 1+扩展 措施 2+扩展 举例：Several methods could be adopted in order to solve the aggravating problem in the hope of pr
40、omoting the quality of life. First of all, it is the responsibility of the government to enact rigid laws and regulations so as to deter people from polluting our surroundings. And sufficient education regarding environmental protection is also indispensable. Second, although the number of people is
41、 increasing every year, more reasonable use of living space as well as the construction of high-rise buildings which accommodate more residents can surely make the situation less intense. 总结 一要素 总结措施 ( Report 类作文可以没有结尾) 举例：To summarize, in order to avoid the deterioration of the situation, issuing l
42、aws and regulations and utilizing our living space more reasonably are the two solutions that I came up with.6. 混合型i. 题干 Reasons-positive/negative Agree/disagree-measures 辩论占更大比重ii. 结构 四段式 介绍背景（若题目问元婴，则简单阐述原因 2-3 条） ，并给出自己的观点 论据 1+扩展 论据 2+扩展 重述自己的观点，并总结 2 个论据，或者如果问到措施，则给 2-3 条总结开头背景句 There is no dou
43、bt that we now live in an era when changes every aspect of our daily lives. Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned with the problem of . is becoming prevail/commonplace. The past century witnessed an increasingly important role playing in peoples life.陈述自己的观点 From my perspective, is
44、beneficial depite/in spite of its several drawbacks. It could have both positive and negative consequences in an equal measure.拓展方式和句型 正面推导： as a consequences / as a result / therefore / thanks to / contribute to / make contribution to 具体化 举例： for example / for instance / a cast supporting this poin
45、t is that 虚拟反面影响：Conversely ，从句过去时主句 wouldwould not 列数据 现在和从前对比： in the past, people used to ， but now 报告型开头段: 背景句+概括 it seems to me that ， and are the three main culprits（原因）consequences（影响） I can come up with.Body1 : 原因 The first cause / Besides / additionallyBody2 : 解决 Several actions may help to
46、 deteriorate the problem ( of )Body3 : 影响 lead to / result in / as a consequences提出观点confirmly believe / think / support / insist(虚拟语气) / contend / argue thatrefute / disagree in favor of / support / hold / advocate the opinion that opponent / people competing it advocate / supporter 其他 原因 because o
47、f / owing to / thanks to / result from / on account of + nbecause / since 解决问题tackle / deal with / curb / sovle / address / settle the problem 分点firstly / the primary reasonbesides / in addition / whats more last but not least 转折while / however / whereasby contrast / on the contrary / on the other than / rather than
